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Introduction to the San Lorenzo Valley Water District
The San Lorenzo Valley Water District (originally the San Lorenzo Valley County Water District) was formed by a special
election of the residents of Santa Cruz County on April 3rd, 1941. At that time the boundaries were established for the
District to include 58 square miles of the San Lorenzo Valley nestled in the Santa Cruz Mountains (Santa Cruz County).
By 1962, the District had a total of 390 customers in the Larita Oaks, Larita Pines, Larita Woods, Ben Lomond Redwood
Park and Zayante areas. In September, 1962, the District acquired the Pasatiempo Pines Subdivision consisting of 235
lots located just off of Graham Hill Road between Felton and Santa Cruz, which subsequently brought about several
additional subdivisions in the area.
The main expansion of the District took place on December 1st, 1965, with the takeover of a private water system in the
northern portion of the San Lorenzo Valley. The voters in the District passed two revenue bond elections to purchase the
Citizen's Utilities Company of California facilities within the District boundaries at a cost of $2,700,00. With this
acquisition, the District's sources of water supply were augmented by stream flows.
In 1972, the HUD Project inter-connected the southern and northern portion of the northern District boundaries with 10
inch diameter and 12 inch diameter mains, allowing water from Loch Lomond and District wells in the Quail Hollow
areas to be pumped to north Boulder Creek as a supplement to the local streams.
On August 30th, 1976, a section of the District north of Boulder Creek on Highway 236 voted for deannexation, thereby
forming Big Basin Water Company, encompassing approximately three square miles at and around the Big Basin Golf
Course.
In the fiscal year 1979-80, the Board of Directors adopted Resolution Number 42 which changed the Name of the District
from The San Lorenzo Valley County Water District to the San Lorenzo Valley Water District.
On December 24th, 1984, the California State Health Department contacted the District with a request that the District
consider acquisition of the Big Basin Water Company with funding from Proposition 28 and upgrade the system to
alleviate the continued water quality problems that were being experienced by the District.
In January of 1985, District officials met with Big Basin Water Company owners and customers on the subject of
annexation into the District. A poll of the customers revealed that a takeover by the customers would be attempted
rather than annexation into the District.
The District's system was greatly affected by the disasters of 1982 and 1983, (back to back Federally declared disasters)
due to storms dumping tremendous amounts of rainfall resulting in more than twice the annual rainfall in the area.
Reconstruction of the damaged facilities began in 1982 and is still under way.
Due to the mountainous terrain and inaccessibility of the District's intake structures and transmission lines in the
watershed areas, District staff undertook a project incorporating the California Conservation Corps, local contractors,
prison labor and District personnel to reestablish the destroyed facilities. Helicopter transport companies were utilized
1
�to airlift in material, supplies, equipment and tools for the use of personnel who hiked into the project areas. The
California Conservation Corps personnel was used to place pipe, remove material, cut trails and a bench for the new
pipeline to be constructed on, through an area totally unaccessible by vehicular traffic. Prison labor was used to burn
slash and downed timber in the watershed areas. Local contractors were recruited to reopen roads and access trails
closed by flooding and landslides.
The result of the cooperative efforts was the reestablishment of the surface water sources for use by the District and
replacement of over 14,600 feet of transmission mains.
Sources
This article is excerpted from: Annual Report, San Lorenzo Valley Water District. 1984–1985, pp. 1–2.
The content of this article is the responsibility of the individual author. It is the Library's intent to provide accurate local history
information. However, it is not possible for the Library to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a
variety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are incorrect and can provide documentation,
please contact the Webmaster.
2
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Introduction to the San Lorenzo Valley Water District
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Excerpted from: "Annual Report, San Lorenzo Valley Water District". 19841985, pp. 12.
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1985
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Water Supply
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San Lorenzo Valley
Public Works
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History of the Sewerage System of the City of Santa Cruz
History
Santa Cruz was originally incorporated as a city in 1866 under a special act of the State Legislature. With the
construction of transportation facilities, Santa Cruz became an attraction to tourists because of its fine beaches and
beautiful scenery. The San Jose–Capitola Turnpike, constructed about 1870, permitted easier access to the city and
encouraged growth. Between 1860 and 1870, population of Santa Cruz increased from 950 to 2,561. By 1880 the
population had increased to 3,898.
First Sewerage System
First sewers were laid in Santa Cruz in the 1880s in the Mission Hill area. Sewage flowed from the collection sewers
through a ditch into Neary's Lagoon. As other sections of the town developed, additional sewers were laid.
By 1917 the sewerage system had been extended to serve about 75 per cent of the city. The remaining 25 per cent was
served by vault privies. The portion of town west of the San Lorenzo River, except for the beach area, was sewered to an
outfall discharging to the Pacific Ocean at Woodrow Avenue and West Cliff Drive. Flow to the outfall was by gravity
except for that from the business district. Sewage from the business district was pumped to the outfall from a collecting
sump located near the site of the present sewage treatment plant. The rest of the town was sewered to several septic
tanks which discharged to the San Lorenzo River, to Branciforte Creek, or to Monterey Bay.[1]
Wastes from these systems were carried by river flow and tidal action onto the popular bathing beaches at the mouth of
the river.[2]
Quarantine of Mouth of San Lorenzo River
On July 18, 1917 a special report to the California State Board of Health was prepared by the Bureau of Sanitary
Engineering. A portion of this report concerning the mouth of the San Lorenzo River is quoted below:
The most serious condition arises from the practice of bathing in the San Lorenzo River from the mouth on upstream a
distance of about 1,000 feet. A large sand bar has formed there and the water, being warmer than that of the bay, is
preferred by many. A bath house where suits may be rented is operated for the benefit of persons bathing in the river.
The natural flow of this stream in the summer is very small and it is the tidewater sweeping back and forth that makes
this use of the stream possible. It is this tidewater also that is depended upon to remove the sewage entering the river
from nine septic tanks immediately above. Moreover, on the incoming tide the discharge of the East Side sewer at the
mouth of the river is naturally swept back over this bathing beach.
This must be recognized as being a serious menace to the public health and the use of the river in Santa Cruz for bathing
should be forbidden. It is recommended that the State Board of Health issue an order quarantining the river for bathing
purposes at any point within the effect of tidewater and that the local authorities be instructed to enforce the order. Such
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�a quarantine should continue in effect until improvements are made in the method of sewering the City that will
eliminate the menace.
As a result of this recommendation, the California State Board of Health on August 15, 1917, advised the Santa Cruz City
Health Officer to quarantine the San Lorenzo River against bathing for a distance of 1,000 feet above the point where
the waters of the San Lorenzo River entered into Monterey Bay....
The mouth of the river remained quarantined until 1928 when the screening plant, interceptor sewers, and outfalls were
constructed.
A portion of Monterey Bay beach in Santa Cruz was also quarantined for a short period in 1925 by the State Board of
Health because of contamination resulting from discharge of raw sewage in the vicinity.[3]
The city in 1925 retained consulting engineers Charles Gilman Hyde and Walter C. Howe to make a comprehensive study
of sewage collection, treatment and disposal. Their study was followed by completion in 1928 of the network of
intercepting and trunk sewers which serve most of the city today [1963], some 35 years later. The consultant's work
showed that treated sewage could be discharged to Santa Cruz harbor through a submarine outfall without endangering
public health or creating a nuisance and that this would be the most economical of the feasible alternatives. The citizens
of Santa Cruz, opposed to any discharge which might threaten the beaches bordering the harbor, protested with such
vigor that the council selected a more expensive alternative for treatment and disposal. The major structure, housing
sewage screens and pumps, still serves as the pumping station for the present plant at Neary's Lagoon. The land section
of the outfall line, laid in tunnel beneath the bluff between the lagoon and the ocean, is still in service.[4]
The City decided to construct the screening plant because it was thought by the officials that such a plant would be
more economical to operate and present less of an odor problem than the other types proposed. The screening plant
was constructed in 1928 at the site of the present sewage treatment plant.
At the same time the screening plant was constructed, interceptor sewers were laid to collect the sewage from the
various collection systems within Santa Cruz and convey it to the plant. The consulting engineers recognized the
problem of storm water entering the sewers. In their report to the City appear the following statements:
It is an established fact that some of the older sewers, especially those in low ground, and many of the house
connections, have been very poorly laid and permit unduly large amounts of ground water to enter. Certain sewers are at
times surcharged on that account.... A careful investigation should be made at times of high ground water to determine
where the worst leaks occur. Such places or sections of sewers should be repaired as opportunity and money therefor
becomes available.
In the future, all house connections and all public sewers must be more carefully laid and every precaution taken to
produce tight joints.
The interceptors were designed to handle flows larger than those normally expected for the design period. Disposal for
the entire sewer system was through the outfalls which are still in use today [1954].
Bypassing Facilities
From the time the interceptor sewers were constructed in 1928 until 1950, a number of bypasses were installed in the
sewer system to allow escape of excess flows.
About 1928 bypasses were installed near (1) Neary Lagoon, (2) the intersection of Center and Laurel Streets, and (3) the
intersection of Forest and Soquel Streets. The Neary Lagoon bypass was so constructed that it never functioned
properly. Eventually the City plugged it with concrete. The Center Street installation allowed overflow from the sewer
system to enter a storm sewer. Because City officials feared flow in the opposite direction from the storm drain to the
sanitary sewers, thus increasing the hydraulic load on the sewer system, the bypass was removed in 1948. The Forest
2
�Street bypass was also connected to a storm drain. During certain occasions, the sanitary sewer became clogged and
raw sewage flowed to a ravine where odor problems resulted. To prevent recurrence of such a condition, the bypass
structure was removed in 1950.
In 1938 an overflow manhole was constructed on East Cliff Drive between Pearle and Jessie Streets to prevent overflows
to streets in the vicinity of Holland's Auto Court. Being at a low point in the collection system and of an overflow type, it
occasionally permitted discharge of raw sewage to San Lorenzo River during summer months as well as during the rainy
season. For this reason, it was replaced in 1948 by a valve-operated bypass under the Ocean Villa Bridge on East Cliff
Drive.
Two other bypasses were constructed, one under the Soquel Street Bridge discharging to Branciforte Creek, the other at
the intersection of Laurel and California Streets discharging to Neary's Lagoon. The former was plugged with concrete in
1946. The latter was eliminated in 1952 when the Laurel Street relief sewer was laid.
Three bypasses which permitted discharge of raw sewage from the West Cliff Area and a portion of the Mission Hill Area
directly to the outfall line in the tunnel have been eliminated: one on Beach Curve (Bethany Curve) in 1946; the second,
near the intersection of Columbia and Santa Cruz Streets, in 1947; the third, near the intersection of Bay and Centennial
Streets, in 1948.
In 1950 the valve-operated bypass behind the Garibaldi Hotel was constructed to discharge to the San Lorenzo River. Its
elevation, however, is such that flow from the sewer to the river by gravity is impossible when the river level is high.
At the present time [1954] only the bypasses under the Ocean Villa Bridge and behind the Garibaldi Hotel are still in
existence. From Twin Lakes pumping station, raw sewage is bypassed at times of large flows to Woods Lagoon.[5]
Since 1946, construction of relief sewers in the most critical areas has made it possible to reduce the number of bypass
locations but not to eliminate bypassing.[6]
Difficulties with Outfall Sewers
Almost since the time the outfalls were originally constructed, the City of Santa Cruz has experienced difficulties with
them. One of the outfalls was broken by 1931. In 1933 it was repaired but a few months later was leaking again. By 1940
both outfalls were broken about 500 feet from shore. Since that time one of the outfalls has been displaced to such an
extent that it discharges at a point only about 300 feet from the beach.
Diarrhea Outbreak
In August, 1946 a sewer near the intersection of Mountain View Avenue and Logan Street became blocked, and sanitary
sewage was diverted temporarily into a storm drain. The sanitary sewer was then flushed, the flushings being allowed to
enter a tidal pond about 100 feet long, 25 feet wide, and 2 feet deep. After children were observed wading in the
contaminated water, the basin was filled with sand and disinfected with chlorine solution. Of the children who played in
the water, 75 were stricken with diarrhea.
Proposal of the City to Reconstruct Its Sewage Treatment Plant
Prior to 1941 both submarine outfalls had broken, the outfall sewer between the screening plant and the ocean had
ruptured causing sewage to flow onto the beach, a number of bypasses were being used, and hydrogen sulfide was
attacking the screening plant and causing odor complaints. To find the best solution to these problems, the City hired
Harry N. Jenks, consulting sanitary engineer, to investigate, prepare a report, and make recommendations concerning
needed improvements to the sewerage system. In January, 1944, having received the report and recommendations of
the consulting engineer, the City of Santa Cruz submitted an application to the State Board of Public Health for a permit
to construct enlargements and improvements to the system. Specifically the application requested permission to
3
�substitute treatment involving vacuator flotation, separate sludge digestion, sludge lagooning, and chlorination of the
effluent for screening. Final disposal was to be accomplished by pumping through outfall lines to the Pacific Ocean.
In the engineering data accompanying the application, the consulting sanitary engineer submitted the following
comments:
In the operation and maintenance of the Santa Cruz sewer lines and the screening and pumping plant, as well as the
ocean outfall including the tunnel line, it is evident that the system has reached a critical point in respect to dependability
of service and capacity. The entrance of water into the sewers, either in the form of ground water or surface drainage
from roofs and streets, so overtaxes the sewer lines during the rainy seasons that widespread overflowing of manholes
occurs during each storm, with consequent nuisance and danger to health. This condition prevails despite the bypassing
of substantial amounts of sewage from the system into San Lorenzo River, and into the ocean, without screening or other
treatment....
During the course of the investigations it became apparent that it is impracticable to remedy the leaky condition of the
sewer system as a whole. Mitigated solely by the construction of a selected number of new sewer lines to replace or
relieve certain existing sewers, the problem of excessive wet weather flows will have to be met by handling these flows as
they come.
Also, so far as disposal is concerned, it appears that experience at Santa Cruz teaches the inadvisability of attempting to
maintain indefinitely an ocean outfall beyond a point offshore sufficient to ensure reasonably adequate dispersion of a
well-clarified and disinfected sewage treatment plant effluent. In other words, by suitably increasing the degree of
sewage treatment it should be possible to offset any progressively increasing operating deficiencies of the outfall tunnel
and line into the Pacific Ocean.
Taking into account the general financial situation and the relative urgency of the needed rehabilitation of various
portions of the sewerage and sewage disposal system, it is quite certain that the city cannot undertake the required
improvements except on a unit basis, beginning with the outfall system and continuing through the treatment works to
and including the main sewer lines themselves.
State Board of Public Health First Permit
MUpon receiving the application, the State Bureau of Sanitary Engineering investigated the proposal of the City of Santa
Cruz. In its statement to the State Board of Public Health, the Bureau emphasized the unsatisfactory conditions existing
at that time in Santa Cruz insofar as sewage treatment and disposal were concerned. In his report to the State Board, C.
G. Gillespie, then Chief of the Bureau, made the following comments about the outfalls:
Due to the heavy seas, these outfalls have been disrupted and not only broken at a distance of about 600 feet offshore,
but they have moved laterally so that the main outfall in use now discharges almost 600 feet easterly from its original
alignment and the west pipe appears to have moved about 100 feet westerly. There the depth of water is about 15 feet.
Furthermore, sewage of a considerable section of the town between the screening plant and the ocean cliffs has been
diverted directly into the outfall sewer. Raw sewage from this area amounting to something like 500,000 g.p.d. [gallons
per day] is disposed of to the ocean without screening treatment. Furthermore, the outfall sewer at the ocean cliffs has
broken and at high tides or unusual sewage flow a considerable portion of the sewage, both screened and raw, spills
overboard directly at shore. These conditions should be remedied at once and in event of a choice of projects, in our
opinion these improvements should precede those applied for.
He recommended that permit be granted as applied for with the usual provision that there be no nuisance or menace to
health in the sewage treatment or in the disposal of sludge or effluent. He further recommended that the City be urged
to consider carefully a relocation of the proposed improvements and that sludge drying be considered in place of sludge
lagooning.
4
�On May 9, 1944 the State Board of Public Health granted a permit to the City Council of Santa Cruz as applied for. A
portion of the permit letter is quoted below:
No protests having been made and in view of the desire of the city to make this change, permit has been granted as
applied for on the provision that no nuisance or menace to health shall be caused by the operation of this treatment
plant or disposal of effluent, and on the special provisions that in the event the disposal of sludge by lagooning methods
causes a nuisance, drained sludge beds or some better method shall be at once substituted. It is also required that
present defects in the outfall system and consequent pollution of the shore line be remedied prior to the above
improvement.
In view of the critical location of this sewage treatment plant, it is recommended that the city give special consideration
to a location for these improvements on the north side of the existing swamp so that better isolation from neighbors may
be obtained.
Bond Issue
In 1946 a bond issue was presented to the people of Santa Cruz, as follows:
Shall the City of Santa Cruz incur a bonded indebtedness in the aggregate principal amount of $400,000 for the object
and purpose of acquiring, construction and completing the following municipal improvement, to-wit:
A sanitary sewage disposal system, including primary treatment plant by vacuum flotation and with outfall tunnel bypass
sewer line, lift stations and siphons, reconstruction of existing sewers, new lateral and intercepting sewers, pipes,
machinery, pumping equipment, and other works, property or structures necessary or convenient for sanitary sewage
disposal system?
…The bond issue was passed.
State Board of Health Second Permit
Final plans and specifications for the construction of the project were submitted to the Bureau of Sanitary Engineering
on June 20, 1947. Because certain modifications had been made in the proposed treatment, the permit was reissued by
the State Board of Public Health. The permit granted on October 30, 1947, was subject to the following conditions:
1. No sewage or sewage effluent, sewage sludge or scum or supernatant sludge liquor, or any matter or substance
offensive, injurious or dangerous to health shall be discharged from the plant or disposed of into waters of
Monterey Bay or onto adjacent shores in such manner, quality or quantity as to be a public health nuisance,
offensive, injurious or dangerous to the public health;
2. Fecal matter, sewage, grease, garbage, solid matter, sludge or oily sleek recognizable as of sewage origin from
the sewerage system of Santa Cruz shall not be permitted along the shores of the Monterey Bay, or in its waters,
except that unavoidable discoloration or oily sleek from said sewer system may be permitted around the outlet
of the outfall;
3. There shall be no noxious or offensive odor, gases or fumes, of sewage origin in the water or along the shores of
the Monterey Bay, or in the air outside the tract of land upon which said sewage treatment plant is located, such
that they may constitute a public nuisance;
4. No condition or conditions due to this sewage treatment and disposal shall exist or be permitted to exist which
may constitute a hazard to the health of human beings or animals, or which may constitute a public nuisance
under the laws of the State of California;
5. The sewage plant effluent shall be disinfected by chlorination equipment such that the quality of water along
the shores of Monterey Bay will be safe and suitable for recreation during the bathing season and will conform
5
�to the bacterial standards as established by the State Board of Public Health as modified from time to time for
safe recreation;
6. Additional treatment works, changes in outfall or improvement of operation shall be provided when required by
the State Department of Public Health.
Construction Since 1946
Construction of the sewage treatment plant was completed in 1949.
The Mission Street relief line has been laid. This line extends along Mission Street from Western Drive to Fair Avenue,
along Fair from Mission to Oxford Way, along Oxford to Beach Curve and hence to the sewage treatment plant. On
Mission the relief sewer is 10 and 12 inches in diameter; on Fair and Oxford, 21 inches; the remainder, 16 inches.
The 10 and 15 inch diameter Laurel Street relief sewer laid in 1952 extends along Laurel Street from California to Myrtle
Streets, along Myrtle to Jennie Street, then east to a point where it discharges into the 30 inch sewer at Neary
Lagoon.[7]
Although leaks in the onshore portion of the outfall were repaired, it was not possible to restore the original submarine
outfall lines. Numerous bacteriological analyses of water samples from beaches onshore from the outfalls revealed
contamination in excess of limiting values established by the State Health Department for bathing waters. Replacement
of the outfalls with a new line extending 2,000 ft offshore was completed in 1958. No physical difficulties have been
experienced with the new outfall.
In 1956, a bond issue in the amount of $450,000 was passed principally to finance construction of relief sewers in
several parts of town and to complete replacement of the submarine outfall. As of July 1, 1963 the outstanding principal
amount was $210,000.
Remedial work accomplished in past years has served to eliminate overflowing at many upstream locations in the
system. Principal trunks leading to the plant, however, do not have sufficient capacity to handle peak wet weather flows.
Overflows and bypassing during storm periods are still normal occurrences. Pumping capacity at the plant cannot be
expanded without concurrent reconstruction both of plant units and the land section of the outfall. The present
treatment unit cannot accommodate flows over 10 mgd, while rates over about 16 mgd cannot be pumped through the
land portion of the outfall without the danger of rupturing the pipeline.
On May 25, 1963, while the present survey was in progress, the Regional Water Pollution Control Board, recognizing that
the treatment plant was not meeting existing requirements and had not met them for some time, instructed its staff to
prepare a cease and desist order. The Board advised the city that its requirements were not being met and that a cease
and desist order would be considered at a subsequent meeting. The following items are taken from the conclusions of
the May 1963 staff report to the Regional Board:
1. The Board's requirements for the City of Santa Cruz's waste discharge specify limitations of: (1) 150 ppm of
suspended solids; and (2) 2.5 ml/l of settleable solids.
2. The data clearly indicate that the City's waste discharge has exceeded these requirements in more than 20% of
the samples analyzed since 1960.
3. Requirements specify a bacterial limitation for the shore waters in the vicinity of the outfall of less than 10
coliform organisms per milliliter in at least 80% of the samples analyzed.
4. The City's own test results indicate that the bacterial limitation was exceeded in more than 20% of the samples
analyzed since 1962.
5. The requirements were exceeded in from 25 to 58% of the samples analyzed during the middle of the 1962
recreational season when maximum public use of the beach and shore waters could be anticipated.
6
�6. The City's present waste treatment facilities are incapable of providing the degree of treatment necessary to
meet the Board's requirement.
Authorization of Survey and Report
Recognizing the need for long-range sewerage planning as well as the need for correction of existing deficiencies, the
City Council, on March 27, 1962, authorized the City Manager to enter into an agreement with the consulting
engineering firm of Brown and Caldwell. Executed on April 10, 1962, the agreement provided for an engineering study
and the preparation of a report covering all phases of the work thus undertaken.[8]
Footnotes
1. A Report on Public Health Aspects of the Sewerage System and Waste Discharges of the City of Santa Cruz;
Prepared for Raymond C. Leer, M.D., Health Officer, Santa Cruz County; By State Department of Public Health,
Bureau of Sanitary Engineering, March, 1954; p. 5.
2. A Study of Sewage Collection Treatment & Disposal for Santa Cruz and Vicinity; A Report Prepared for City of
Santa Cruz, California; Brown and Caldwell; Consulting Engineers; San Francisco, California, 1963; p. 2.
3. A Report on Public Health Aspects of the Sewerage System and Waste Discharges of the City of Santa Cruz, pp.
6–7.
4. A Study of Sewage Collection Treatment & Disposal for Santa Cruz and Vicinity, pp. 2–3.
5. A Report on Public Health Aspects of the Sewerage System and Waste Discharges of the City of Santa Cruz, pp.
7–10.
6. A Study of Sewage Collection Treatment & Disposal for Santa Cruz and Vicinity, p. 3.
7. A Report on Public Health Aspects of the Sewerage System and Waste Discharges of the City of Santa Cruz, pp.
10–14, 16.
8. A Study of Sewage Collection Treatment & Disposal for Santa Cruz and Vicinity, p. 4.
Sources
This article is excerpted and compiled from: A Report on Public Health Aspects of the Sewerage System and
Waste Discharges of the City of Santa Cruz, 1954 and A Study of Sewage Collection Treatment & Disposal for
Santa Cruz and Vicinity, 1963.
The content of this article is the responsibility of the individual author. It is the Library's intent to provide accurate local history
information. However, it is not possible for the Library to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a
variety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are incorrect and can provide documentation,
please contact the Webmaster.
7
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Santa Cruz History Articles
Description
An account of the resource
Original articles by library staff and by local authors and material from historical books.
Articles on Santa Cruz County history, many with illustrations, are available here.
The Santa Cruz Public Libraries is grateful to our local historians and their publishers for giving permission to include their articles. The content of the articles is the responsibility of the individual authors.
It is the library's intent to provide accurate information. However, it is not possible to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a variety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in an article are incorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library.
Publisher
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
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Original Format
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Paper
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AR-170
Title
A name given to the resource
History of the Sewerage System of the City of Santa Cruz
Creator
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City of Santa Cruz
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Excerpted and compiled from: "A Report on Public Health Aspects of the Sewerage System and Waste Discharges of the City of Santa Cruz", 1954 and "A Study of Sewage Collection Treatment & Disposal for Santa Cruz and Vicinity", 1963.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1954, 1963
Format
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Text
Language
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En
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
ARTICLE
Subject
The topic of the resource
Sewers and Sewage Disposal
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Santa Cruz (City)
Public Works
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https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/489838c6ed1d3ed68c7beeaec3643e5a.pdf
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PDF Text
Text
History of the Central Water District
In 1949, local residents began meeting at Pleasant Valley School to discuss the dire shortage of potable water in the
area. They organized a committee, headed by Lester Morrison, to sponsor the formation of a county water district to be
called Central Santa Cruz County Water District.
In November of 1950, voters adopted a proposition to organize the District and the Santa Cruz County Board of
Supervisors adopted a resolution declaring the District duly formed. Boundaries of the new District were contiguous
with the Oakdale and Pleasant Valley School Districts.
The five members of the first Board of Directors were Roy R. Day, Harry M. Gregg, John Karchesz, Lester Morrison and Ed
Wennerholm. Board meetings were originally held at Pleasant Valley School, then at a cabin on the premises of Harry
Gregg. Finally, the regular meeting place was changed to the pumphouse on Cox Road, the present site of the District
office.
In August of 1951, voters authorized the sale of general obligation bonds for construction of a well, storage and
distribution facilities. Bonds in the amount of $140,000 were issued July 1, 1953, to be paid off through 1990.
Meanwhile, in April of 1953, Central Santa Cruz County Water District entered into an agreement to lease, for $25 per
month, the Valencia Water Works from Jesse and Fern Nicholson, with an option to purchase the facilities and assets. In
September of 1953, after the availability of an adequate water supply had been determined, the Valencia Water Works
was purchased by the District for $1,500.
In its annual report of 1952, Valencia Waters Works numbered its customers at 24. By December, 1953, Central Santa
Cruz County Water District was serving 80 customers.
In early 1978 the District entered into an agreement with Soquel Creek County Water District providing for an intertie
connection on Huntington Drive for use of either district in an emergency.
In July of 1978, the District applied for a loan and grant under the California Safe Drinking Water Bond Law of 1976, for
facility improvements. The application contained a project cost of $1,385,520, which was reduced, in March of 1979, to
$1,123,520; of this amount, $156,000 was the District's share. Completed improvements included the construction of
Well #10, the Valencia Booster Pump Station, a telemetering system, and approximately 24,560 feet of mainline piping.
Construction commenced in 1978, and in November of 1982 the remaining portion of the loan and the uncompleted
portion of the original project were canceled. In all, the District borrowed $653,806.03 in State funds, including
$19,042.89 in administrative fees.
On December 10, 1980, the name of the District was shortened to the Central Water District.
1
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The Co-Operative Electric Company
Santa Cruz, California
1904-1908
By Mike Dalbey
The content of this article is the responsibility of the individual author.
It is the library’s intent to provide accurate information, however, it is
not possible for the library to completely verify the accuracy of all
information. If you believe that factual statements in a local history
article are incorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the
library.
�v. 1 06/27/2017
Mike Dalbey
The C o- Operative Electric C ompany
Santa C ruz, C alifornia 1904- 08
Mike Dalbey
mdalbey@cruzio.com
I.
Introduction
p.2
II.
Company Name
p. 5
III.
Corporate Structure and Financing
p. 7
IV.
Power Plant Infrastructure
p. 11
V.
Business History Chronology
p. 25
VI.
Appendix
p. 33
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I. Introduction
This paper describes key aspects of the brief history of the Co-operative Electric Company1.
The COEC illustrates several trends in electric power development that were occurring nationally at the
beginning of the 20th Century. Foremost among these was the progressive absorption of small local
utility companies by, and consolidation with, ever-larger regional utilities; a trend that culminated in the
integrated electrical power “grid” we have today.
The most unique feature of the COEC, which might be particularly interesting to Santa Cruz historians,
was its close association with the Santa Cruz Beach, Cottage, and Tent City Company2. This was
sufficiently intimate to blur the distinction between what was referred to as an “isolated plant”, and an
electric utility company “central station”. (See below for further discussion of this distinction.)
COEC Power Plant
Plunge Baths
Figure 1. The Santa Cruz Beach, Cottage, and Tent City immediately after its construction in
1904. Note the smokestack and domes of the COEC power plant. Courtesy of Santa Cruz
Public Library3.
Several circumstances attest to the intimate connection with the Beach Company. The two companies
were incorporated in the same year, and shared several major stockholders (see Section III, below). The
Referred to hereafter as “COEC”.
Referred to hereafter as the “Beach Company”.
3
“The tourist accommodations known as 'Tent ...,” SCPL Local History, accessed June 20,
2017, http://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/9790.
Identifier LH-0588
1
2
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Mike Dalbey
COEC power plant was constructed immediately adjacent to the Beach Company’s plunge baths, and
shared its building with the “Hammam” or Turkish baths4. The Beach Company was a major COEC
customer, both of electricity and of heat generated by the COEC plant. Moreover, the power plant
building was architecturally integrated with the Beach Company buildings by its “onion domes”, similar
to those decorating the original casino building and presenting an odd contrast to the visually dominant
smokestack (Fig.1). Surely it was the only electric power plant anywhere that ever had such oriental
embellishments.
The questions I find most intriguing about the foundation of the COEC are these:
1. Why didn’t the Beach Company buy power from an existing local utility?
2. Why was a separate electric utility company incorporated, rather than just building a plant dedicated
solely to supplying the needs of the Beach Company?
3. Did the COEC plan to develop hydroelectric power?
4. How was the COEC affected by the public utility regulatory environment existing at the time?
The reader will find that a lack of definite answers to these questions does not deter me from
unburdening myself of my favorite speculations.
1. Why didn’t the Beach Company buy power from one of the three local electric utilities that existed at
the time?
Three electrical plants were supplying electric power to Santa Cruz in 1904. It seems that the Beach
Company should have been able to buy power at a favorable rate in a competitive market. However, the
reality of the electric power market in Santa Cruz was much different than it would first appear. One of
the existing plants, the Santa Cruz municipal lighting plant, was dedicated to running the DC arc lighting
system did not have excess capacity. Furthermore, its generating equipment was not compatible with
supplying power for incandescent lighting. The Santa Cruz Electric Light and Power Company at this
time functioned only as a distribution company. They were no longer producing power, but instead
purchased it from the Big Creek Power Company. In practical terms, then, the power market was a virtual
monopoly by the Big Creek Power Company, and the Beach Company could probably not have secured
the favorable rates that a truly competitive market might have offered. Moreover, if the Beach Company
had purchased their electric power from a utility company, they would still have needed their own boilers
for heating. The requirement for heating, together with the desire to avoid buying electric power in an
un-competitive market, are the two factors I can identify which would justify the decision to generate
their own power. Therefore, the COEC can be partially construed as an example of corporate “upstream
vertical integration”.
2. Given that the Beach Company would generate, rather than buy electric power, why incorporate a
separate utility company to sell power to outside customers rather than simply build a dedicated “inhouse” electric plant?
Discussions of the early electric power industry widely characterized generating plants as belonging
either to the class of “central stations”, or to a class referred to as “isolated plants” (or “private plants”).
Central stations are corporate or municipal entities generating electricity for distribution to the general
public, and during the 20th Century came progressively to dominate electric power generation. Isolated
The building, which had been edited beyond recognition in form and function, was demolished in November,
2016 to make way for construction of a new main entrance to the Boardwalk. (Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk press
release dated 8/30/2016).
4
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Mike Dalbey
plants usually generated electricity for the exclusive use of their owners, and were typically located
within or adjacent to the building or group of buildings they supplied, such as manufacturing plants,
hotels, municipal buildings, or large department stores5. A cogent summary of this topic is found in
Census Bureau studies dating from that time.6
One reason for establishing the COEC as a separate corporate entity may have been that the COEC
directors believed that production capacity of hydroelectric power by the Big Creek Power Company
was insufficient to satisfy rapidly growing demand. (Who would be in a better position to appreciate this
than Fred Swanton?) Indeed, in 1905 the Big Creek Power Company constructed a steam-powered
electric plant (in Watsonville) to augment their hydropower capacity7. Not long thereafter, they began to
purchase some of their power from the newly founded P.G.&E Company. It may be, then, that the COEC
founders intended to eventually develop the COEC into a viable electric power company.
Another, more obscure motive to incorporate a separate company that could sell power to domestic and
commercial customers throughout Santa Cruz may have been the perceived need to utilize their capacity
uniformly throughout the year. A major problem confronting the management of early electric utilities
grew from the idiosyncratic nature of their product, which unlike any other industrial commodity, must
be transmitted and used instantaneously by the customer. Additionally, customer demand, particularly
for lighting, is highly variable. This leads to the disagreeable situation of a utility burdened with the
investment and fixed cost of a plant that operates at full load for only several hours a day, or at only
certain times of year. The load imposed on the COEC by Beach Company would have been particularly
variable, with high demand on summer evenings. The load for domestic lighting, peaking in the winter
months, would complement the demand by the Beach Company. Combining the loads imposed by the
two customers would have mitigated demand variation and improved the overall financial position of the
COEC.8
3. Did the COEC plan to develop hydroelectric power?
There is circumstantial evidence that the COEC planned to build a hydroelectric plant on the San
Lorenzo River. This would be consistent with the surprising emphasis placed on water rights, etc. in its
Articles of Incorporation (see Section III, below). The Sentinel briefly described a “plan” floated by Fred
Swanton on behalf of the COEC, to dam the San Lorenzo River and build a power plant at Rincon Flats9,
10
. This reportedly advanced to the stage where “water rights and property had been secured”11. I have
found no further mention of this plan within the lifetime of the COEC, nor any explanation why it was not
I remember that my elementary school (Lyman Trumbull School, Chicago, built 1908) had an isolated plant with
boilers, a steam engine, and dynamos; though only the boilers were in use when I was a student there in the 1950s.
6
U. S. Bureau of the Census, Central Electric Light and Power Stations, 1902 (Washington, 1905)
https://ia801406.us.archive.org/34/items/centralelectric00goog/centralelectric00goog.pdf
U. S. Bureau of the Census, Central Electric Light and Power Stations, 1907 (Washington, 1910)
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015028113432;view=1up;seq=7
7
Electricity in the City of the “Holy Cross”.
Journal of Electricity, Power and Gas, San Francisco.
Vol. 15, No. 5; May, 1905; p. 167.
8
For further discussion of this topic (under the heading of “load factor”) see:
Louis C. Hunter and Lynwood Bryant
A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1780-1930. Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power
MIT Press, Cambridge Mass, 1991.
9
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/28/1904, p.1.
10
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/29/1904.
11
Apparently from the H. Cowell estate.
5
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Mike Dalbey
pursued further. The most probable explanation is that the rebuilding of the Beach Company properties
after the catastrophic fire in 1906 (See Section V., below) consumed all the available capital.
4. What public utility regulatory environment existed at the time?
The COEC needed a franchise from the City to erect poles and to run wires on city streets to supply their
external customers. This would not have been required if the COEC were to have provided power
exclusively to the Beach Company buildings.
Apparently this was overlooked by the COEC and the City alike until June, 1904, when the COEC was
stringing wire on Pacific Ave. in fulfillment of their contract to provide incandescent streetlights for the
summer. An employee of “a rival company”12 stopped them from using the utility pole at Pacific and
Cooper streets. Fred Swanton, on behalf of the COEC, objected to the City Council that this company
had “taken advantage of a technicality”; an argument that prevailed, as the Council allowed the COEC
to string wires “on all poles along Pacific Ave. belonging to the City”.
I have not located documentation that a wider franchise was ever formally granted. I suspect that it
would have been readily obtained amidst the climate of civic enthusiasm that propelled the
development of the Beach Company.
On the other hand, the COEC did not need a state-sanctioned license to operate a public utility. The
California State Railroad Commission13, which had been established by the State Constitution of 1879,
did not assume responsibility for regulating electric utilities until after 1910. Incidentally, this meant that
the 2 existing private utility companies could not apply to the Commission for relief from competition by
COEC, as they would have been able to do later. This situation fostered the growth of numerous
competing small local utilities throughout California before 1910.
12
13
Santa Cruz Electric Light and Power or Big Creek.
Eventually to become the California State Public Utilities Commission.
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II. The Company Name
Searching for information on the COEC in databases, or on the internet, is problematic because of the
bewildering variety of names used in print media:
Co-operative Electric Company14
Cooperative Electric Company15
Co-operative Light Company16
Co-operative Electric Light Company17
Co-operative Light and Power Company18
Co-operative Electric Light and Power Company19
Tent City Co-operative Electric Light Company20
The first name listed above is the correct “legal” name of the COEC as bestowed in its articles of
incorporation21.
Similarly, I have found the power generating facility of the COEC referred to variously as:
“the power house at the casino”22
“the power house at the beach”23
“the old beach power house”24
“the old co-operative powerhouse”25
“the Co-operative power house”26
“the Electric light sub-station on the beach”27
These designations contribute to confusion between the COEC power plant (est. 1904), and the power
plant of the Coast Counties Electric Light and Power Co. that was built directly across the street from it in
1908.
Electric utility co-operatives were a significant development of the New Deal, and played an important
part in the electrification of rural areas of the country in the 1930’s; so an electric utility co-operative in
Santa Cruz in 1904 would have been several decades ahead of its time, and unusual for being an urban
enterprise rather than rural. However, my conclusion is that the COEC was a co-operative in name only.
It was a privately held, for profit enterprise that did not adhere in any way to the definition of a co-
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 9/17/1904.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 1/26/1907, p.9.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/28/1904, p.1.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/26/1904, p.3.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/11/1904, p.1.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 5/25/1904, p.1.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 1/6/1905, p.3.
Articles of Incorporation filed May 2, 1904; County Clerk’s Index No. 369. MAH Archives, courtesy of Marla Novo
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 4/27/1906, p.13.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 4/27/1904, p.3.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 10/27/1908, p..
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/11/1906, p.6.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/2/1904, p.3.
Santa Cruz Surf, 3/12/1908, p.4 : 4.
Page 6 of 35
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Mike Dalbey
operative applicable at the time28, nor to the definition used today29. The only sense in which the COEC
could be construed as “co-operative” is that it was constructed and operated in alliance with the Beach
Company.
In the early 20th Century, public sentiment became increasingly disenchanted with the growing power of
“electric trusts” in much the same way it had with railroad corporations several decades earlier.
Adopting the designation “co-operative” may have been an attempt to deflect a growing public distrust
of private electric power utilities.
Definition
So-called co-operatives appeared in the late 18th Century in Great Britain, and the principles of co-operative
organizations were formally enshrined by the Rochdale Principles of 1844.
29
“A co-operative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic,
social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise.”
http://ica.coop/en/whats-co-op/co-operative-identity-values-principles
28
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III. Corporate Structure and Financing
Articles of Incorporation for the COEC were filed May 2, 1904 in Santa Cruz County21.
The purposes and intended activities of the company are described by the 6 paragraphs of article II. The
first paragraph, quite curiously, is a broad and thorough description of activities that essentially
constitute a “water company”30 rather than an electric utility. It’s all about owning water rights, and
constructing water infrastructure (dams, flumes, etc.) and selling water for agricultural, domestic and
industrial purposes. Paragraph 4 expands this with the addition of “acquisition of water rights by
eminent domain”.
Not until paragraph 4 do the Articles describe the business actually conducted by the COEC, electric
power generation for sale (essentially an electric utility company).
5,000 shares of capital stock at a par value of $10 per share were offered. Just over 20% was subscribed
at the time of incorporation (Fig. 2)31.
Henry Willey 500
J. J. C. Leonard 250
H. E. Irish 200
Daniel A. Clark 100
O. J. Lincoln 30
Montrose Sharpe 20
F. W. Swanton 5
Unsubscribed 3895
Figure 2. Initial stock subscriptions as recorded in the Articles. The
numbers are the number of shares subscribed at $10 each.
“That the purpose for which said corporation is framed and formed is to appropriate, buy, lease and acquire water
and water rights; to construct and maintain dams, reservoirs, ditches, acqueducts [sic], tunnels, pipes, flumes and
laterals; to purchase, lease erect, construct, acquire and hold any and all structures and machinery for accumulating
and storing water; to accumulate, store, use and sell water and water rights for agricultural, domestic,
manufacturing, irrigation, mining, transportation and other purposes, and to sell and deliver to, and supply cities,
towns and villages, and the inhabitants thereof, with water, and to use, sell and rent water rights for any and all
purposes whatsoever, in the County of Santa Cruz, said State of California.”
31
Santa Cruz Sentinel (Santa Cruz, California) · Wed, Sep 26, 1906 · Page 1.
30
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Note that the 2 largest shareholders controlled more than 50% of the subscribed stock. The founding
officers and directors of the COEC were drawn directly from the group of investors (Table 1.).
Incorporators listed
in the “Articles”
Henry Willey*
Daniel A. Clark*
O. J. Lincoln*
H. E. Irish*
Montrose Sharpe*
J. J. C. Leonard
F. W. Swanton
Company officers
elected at first
meeting32
President
Vice President
Secretary
Treasurer
Director
Director
Director
Table 1. Original stockholders and
officers of the COEC. *Also a stockholder
in the Beach Company. 33 , 34
All of the COEC founders were local residents, businessmen, and/or city officials, making it clear that the
COEC was funded by local capital rather than outside capital. Several COEC founders were also
important backers of the Beach Co. Willey, Swanton, and Leonard, had been associated previously as
managers and directors of the Santa Cruz Oil Co. (Incorporated Dec., 1900.)
In 190535 the following individuals were cited as “owners” of the COEC: Henry Willey, H. E. Irish, J. J. C.
Leonard, and George Staffler. There is also a reference to a Mr. Moore as having been “one of the
promoters of the Co-operative Electric Light Company” and subsequently a director of the Ocean Shore
Railroad36.
Dramatis Personae, Brief Comments
Fred W. Swanton
The notorious Fred Swanton needs no further biographical sketch from me. The
COEC is the 3rd electric utility he was instrumental in founding. Probably,
Swanton’s influence in the company is not fully reflected by his small share
holding.
Henry Willey
A local hardware dealer of long standing. Also associated with the People’s Bank,
and the Santa Cruz Oil Co.37
Daniel A. Clark
The only founding shareholder who was not a long-time Santa Cruz resident.
Daniel A. Clark came to California in 1850 from Rhode Island by way of Panama,
Santa Cruz Sentinel Wed, May 25, 1904 · Page 1
Santa Cruz Sentinel 10/18/1903, p.3.
34
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 11/8/1903, p.3.
35
Electricity in the “City of the Holy Cross”
The Journal of Electricity, Power and Gas (San Francisco)
Vol. 15 No.5
May, 1905 pp. 167-179.
36
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 9/26/1906, p.1.
37
Daily Surf10/15/1903p. 7 : 1
32
33
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but after a few years he returned to RI where he became an undertaker. After
retiring, he moved to Santa Cruz in 1903 and purchased the Coope House on
Beach Hill38. He remained in Santa Cruz 5 years, investing in several residential
properties as well as the COEC and the Beach Co. In 1908 he moved to Berkeley
where he died in 1913.39
O. J. Lincoln
Lincoln was the City Clerk, and Clerk of the Santa Cruz School District.
He was elected a Santa Cruz County School Trustee, and later,
Postmaster. After retiring from public service he founded a bulb growing
business in at Twin Lakes
H. E. Irish
Stationery store owner.
Montrose Sharpe
Owner of the Sea Beach Hotel, a COEC customer.
J. J. C. Leonard
Manager and/or owner of the Hotel Ben Lomond, the St. George Hotel,
and the Pacific Ocean House. Secretary of the Santa Cruz Oil Co.
I have not found any information on those who actually designed and built the power plant. Information
on the superintendents/engineers who operated the plant appears below in Section V.
38
39
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 7/16/1903, p.3.
See a biography by Stanley Stevens in: Santa Cruz County History Journal Issue 4 (1998).
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Mike Dalbey
IV. Power Plant Infrastructure
Unless noted otherwise, technical information and images in this section, as well as the architectural floor
plans in Appendix B, are from a description of the COEC power plant that was published within a year of
its construction in a technical journal intended for industry professionals40.
Fig. 3 One of only three known photographs of the COEC
power plant interior. Probably taken between June 1904 and
June 1905.
I found the following general considerations to be helpful guides in studying the details of the power
plant infrastructure:
1. The COEC plant represents the culmination of the 200-year development of reciprocating steam
engine design and practice. Although there had been some relative success in adapting steam engines
to the special demands of electric power stations, they would be rapidly and aggressively displaced by
steam turbines as the 20th Century progressed. That is, we have a window through which to view the
swan song of the prime mover most responsible for the industrial revolution.
2. Much of the technical development of the steam engine took place without the benefit of scientific
understanding of its principles or even of precise measures of its operation. Yet, by 1900 the theoretical
advances by Carnot, and by Rankine, had been thoroughly assimilated into the thinking of professional
Electricity in the “City of the Holy Cross”
Journal of Electricity, Power, and Gas, San Francisco
Vol.15, No.5.
May, 1905, pp. 167-179.
40
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steam power engineers. This, along with increasingly sophisticated analyses of engine performance,
forced acknowledgement that steam engines were very inefficient41, and that substantial improvements
in efficiency were not even theoretically possible according to thermodynamic principles. In response,
attention was re-directed to finding ways to increasing power plant efficiency as a whole. Several
features of COEC plant reflect this.
3. The COEC plant was designed as dual-purpose, producing electric power and hot water/steam for
heating.
(2) Babcock and Wilcox Boilers
22” X 36” Series “B” Hamilton-Corliss Engine
Westinghouse Alternator
(“Exciter”) Dynamo
Single Phase Westinghouse Switchboard
Wheeler Admiralty Surface Condenser
Goubert Feed Water Heater
Snow Feed water Pumps
Stratton Separator
Hot Well
Blake Vertical Exhaust Relief Valve
Moore Fuel Oil Pumping System
vertical header type
each with 1,175 ft. sq. heating surface
25 PSI
built by the Hooven, Owens, Rentschler Co.
84 RPM
300 HP
16 foot band wheel with 29 inch face
180 kW
2,300 V
3-phase AC
5 HP
125 V DC
Vertical Water Tube Type A
Table 2: Power plant components are mentioned in the published technical description.
Regrettably, the technical article presents little more than a “laundry list” of components, and does not
convey an understanding of how they all worked together to create a practical power generation facility.
No doubt this was appropriate for an article intended for power system engineers who would be able to
supply that understanding from their experience and training. I found it unsatisfying, by itself, as a
vehicle for understanding the COEC plant as a dynamic entity. This section struggles to contrive a more
satisfying holistic description, however imperfect, of the COEC power plant machinery and infrastructure.
In so doing it necessarily encompasses a good deal of contextual background material and technical
information that should be avoided by readers who are interested in only in the “local history” of the
COEC.
i.e. A large fraction of the energy embodied in the working fluid (high pressure steam) could not be converted to
mechanical work.
41
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I’ll begin the discussion with the INPUTS to the plant, namely:
fuel
boiler feed water
steam condenser water
oxygen (atmospheric)
A. Fuel
The COEC power plant was designed to burn crude petroleum (fuel oil) rather than coal or wood, as had
been the case with earlier steam powered electric utilities in Santa Cruz. In 1904 the development of the
California oil industry was well underway, with a number of oil fields in active production throughout the
state42, including at least one near Watsonville. The Santa Cruz County Board of Trade enumerated the
advantages of fuel oil use in local industry43. (Lime production in the region was also converting to crude
oil at this time44, and the Santa Cruz and Portland Cement Co. plant in Davenport also burned crude oil
delivered by rail, rather than coal, when it opened in 1906.)
Among the advantages to electric power plants specifically was that oil was comparatively clean45. In the
COEC plant, boilers, engine and alternator were all in the same enclosed space (See Appendix B). Coalfired boilers would have had to be segregated into a separate space to keep coal dust away from
engines and electrical equipment. Also, oil fired burners produced less noxious smoke, no doubt a huge
benefit to a plant located in a tourist-centered business area.
Accordingly, we find that the COEC signed a 5-year contract with “a Watsonville Oil company” for 750
barrels a month46. Oil delivery was facilitated by the COEC plant’s proximity to the railroad.
There is ample evidence that the COEC sold oil on a retail basis to other local users. For example, at
their November, 1904 meeting the City Council approved a payment of $202.30 from the Electric
Lighting Fund to the COEC for fuel oil.47 Incidentally, this also documents that the boilers at the
municipal street lighting plant had been modified to burn oil rather than wood.
For a thorough discussion of early fuel oil use in California see:
James C. Williams (1997)
Energy and the Making of Modern California
University of Akron Press, Akron, OH p. 120-126.
43
The County of Santa Cruz and Vicinity, California
Published by the Santa Cruz Board of Trade
The Sunset Press, SF
1905
[S C Cty LIBRARY 0402888 1]
44
Frank A. Perry and Robert W. Piwarzyk (2007)
Steps in Making Lime
Lime Kiln Legacies: The History of the Lime Industry in Santa Cruz County
The Museum of Art and History at the McPherson Center, Santa Cruz
45
Summarized in:
Journal of Electricity, Power and Gas, SF
Vol. 24, No. 7. p. 148.
2/12/1910
46
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 1/10/1905, p.3.
47
Santa Cruz Sentinel 11/8/1904, p. 1.
42
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Oil Storage
It seems that the original plan for oil storage at the COEC plant was to re-purpose several water storage
tanks from the old Neptune Bath House by moving them to the eastern side of the powerhouse building
and burying them underground. This plan was applauded because it would allow replacement and
removal of an existing oil storage tank that was considered unsightly48. I have no information regarding
the purpose of this pre-existing oil tank. It may have been used by the Neptune Baths, or by the Dolphin
Baths, both of which had boilers, but no oil storage tank is shown at either location in Sanborn Fire
Insurance maps for 1886, 1888, or 1892.
The old oil tank was removed some time between June and September 1904, but by this time the plan
to use the Neptune water tanks had apparently been abandoned in favor of constructing a new “up to
date vat”49. This new tank is undoubtedly the one shown on the Sanborn Fire Insurance map of 1905
(Appendix A.). The tank had a capacity of 32,000 gallons and was described as a “ fine cement oil tank”
constructed “near the track”, and “flush with the street”50.
Further details were given as follows:
“The concrete oil tank, which is being built east of the Casino, will cost $1,200 when finished
and is 50 feet long by 16 feet wide, and holds five carloads or 900 barrels of oil .It is made of
cement, interwoven with steel rods, and all covered with corrugated iron, which is perfectly
waterproof. The whole tank is built together, so it cannot come apart, and if the foundation gives
away it will sink as if it was just one complete piece.”51
Indeed, although the power plant was damaged in the 1906 earthquake, there is no evidence of
damage to the oil storage tank52. Also, the oil tank, being located well to the east of the powerhouse,
was not involved in the fire that destroyed the original casino and baths.
An unfortunate consequence of the location of the oil storage tank in the open was its susceptibility to
sabotage and vandalism. There was an incident in which someone shut off a valve for the oil supply to
the boilers, leading to a brief blackout of the casino, bathing pavilion, and tent city. The COEC
considered this sufficiently serious to offer a $250 reward for apprehension of the perpetrators.53
When the new Coast Counties powerhouse was built in 1906 (see Section V. below) it had a new circular,
above ground oil tank54 with a capacity of 65,000 gallons55. Use of the COEC underground tank
probably was discontinued at this time. A new building, housing a “human roulette wheel” and
“nickelodeon” was built partially over the rectangular tank and the 1917 Sanborn map (Appendix A.)
shows the tank with the annotation “to be removed”. Even so, the rectangular underground tank is still
shown in the Sanborn map of 1928. It is possible that the tank was still in use, if only as a backup oil
supply for the Coast Counties powerhouse. Or possibility it was just too robustly constructed to be easily
removed.
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 5/27/1904, p.3.
Santa Cruz Surf, 6/18/1904, p.1.
Santa Cruz Sentinel 9/17/1904 p.1
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 11/12/1904, p.1.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 4/27/1906, p.13.
Santa Cruz Sentinel Jul 28, 1904 p. 1
Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, Santa Cruz; 1917 p. 28.
Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, Santa Cruz; 1928 p. 136.
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Moore Fuel Oil Pumps
California crude oil was more viscous than eastern crudes
and required special equipment to handle, transport, and
burn56. Much of this equipment was developed in California.
The floor plan of the COEC powerhouse (Appendix B)
shows a Moore fuel oil pumping system. This was
manufactured by the Charles C. Moore Company of San Francisco and is evidently an example of
equipment tailored to handle viscous California crude oil.
The only technical information I have found on this system is in an article describing the powerhouse at
the University of California, Berkeley57, which was built by the Moore Company in 1905 and also used
Moore fuel oil pumps. The oil pumps were steam-driven, and were mounted directly above coils carrying
the exhaust steam away from the pumps. This was intended to pre-heat the oil, reducing its viscosity so
that it would flow more easily and be more easily atomized for combustion (see below).
Charles C. Moore was a highly regarded engineer and businessman in San
Francisco, best remembered today as the president of the Panama-Pacific
International Exposition Company. His engineering firm designed and constructed
power plants, and was “to be reckoned with in all big electric power plants
installed in the western States.”58 Moore was also locally connected through
ownership of “a beautiful country place at Santa Cruz”59,60. This naturally invites
the speculation that his firm designed and built the COEC plant.
B. Boiler Feed Water
Steam plants require water as the starting point for producing the working fluid (steam) used by the
engines or turbines, and successful design of a plant entails careful consideration of the quantity, the
purity, and the cost of water resources available at its location.
Feed water impurities bring vexing problems, mostly experienced by the boiler in the form of scale
deposits and corrosion. These increase maintenance costs and reduce overall thermal efficiency. Steam
plants therefore often included ancillary components for chemical or physical pre-processing of raw feed
water. There is no evidence that the COEC plant included such a system.
James C. Williams (1997)
Energy and the Making of Modern California
University of Akron Press Akron, OH p. 120-126.
57
G. C. Noble (1905)
The Central Light, Heat And Power Plant At The University of California.
The Engineer, Chicago, April 15, 1905 vol. 42. No. 8; p. 263
58
The Spectator, NY
vol. 94, No. 10, p. 126.
3/11/1915
59
The Spectator
vol. 94, No. 22 SUPPLEMENT, p. 51.
6/10/1915.
60
660 High Street see Companion
56
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The best quality, and most expensive, water available to the COEC plant would have been available
from the domestic water supply. Even this, however, would still have presented the potentially serious
and costly problem of boiler scaling resulting from the notoriously high levels of calcium and magnesium
in our water supply.61
The water quality issue was largely mitigated by designing the COEC plant for condensing operation
(see below). The water of condensed steam is re-circulated back to the boiler in a closed system. In noncondensing plants the low-pressure steam leaving the engine is exhausted directly to the atmosphere
and must be continually replaced.
Additionally, Ca and Mg cations are held in solution by carbonate and bicarbonate counter ions. Heating
the water drives out CO2, so precipitation of the insoluble scale occurs even without evaporation.
Therefore, in the COEC plant, what precipitation there was occurred mostly in the feed water heater (see
below) and not in the boiler tubes.62
My tentative conclusion is therefore that the COEC plant used the municipal water supply as boiler feed
water, rather than the San Lorenzo River, or seawater.
C. Condenser Cooling Water
The water saving advantage of a condensing steam plant comes at the cost of introducing a very large
demand for cooling water. But in this case water quality is much less of an issue; so the trade off is that
using a large volume of low quality cooling water allows the saving of high quality boiler feed water. The
sources of cooling water available to the COEC would have been the San Lorenzo River and the Pacific
Ocean. My working speculation is that seawater was used. The cold seawater would have been warmed
by the heat given up by the steam in the condenser, and so it could have been used directly to supply
the plunge baths, and perhaps for general heating as well. There is no direct evidence for or against this
idea, but it would explain why there is no mention of a separate seawater heating system for the plunge.
D. Oxygen
There is no evidence for the use of any kind of blower or compressor to supply atmospheric oxygen to
the combustion chamber. The oil burners were designed to atomize the oil to increase the overall
surface area exposed to oxidation.
STEAM GENERATION
“A battery consisting of two Babcock &Wilcox boilers of the vertical header type and each having
1175 square feet of heating surface, develops steam at a boiler pressure of 125 pounds per square
inch63.”
The “hardness” vale of our domestic water currently averages 180 ppm or more, in the “very hard” category
according to the City of Santa Cruz Water Department Consumer Confidence Report, 2015.
62
Gebhardt, G. F. (1912)
Steam Power Plant Engineering, 1st ed.
John Wiley and Sons, NY
63
350 degrees F
61
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The Babcock and Wilcox Company was founded 1867 and still operating. They were the foremost boiler
manufacturer in the US64.
The oil burners in the boilers are not described. The earliest oil burning boilers were simple retrofits of
coal-fired boilers65. Engineers found that each boiler installation, and each crude oil had its own
characteristics, so that by 1910 a technical journal noticed that “hundreds of oil burners have been
devised, each better than the other.”66
Figure 4. Boilers installed at the east end of the
COEC plant. Note the brickwork, done by locals.
Figure 5. Side view (Cut away) of a Babcock and
Wilcox boiler modified for burning oil. From
reference 64.
Steam-Its Generation And Use
Thirty-Fifth Edition, 4th Issue
The Babcock & Wilcox Co., NY
1919
Http://Www.Gutenberg.Org/Files/22657/22657-H/Header.Html
65
Pacific Lumberman and Contractor
Feb. 7, 1889; p. 8
Vol. 5, No. 6
Burning Crude Petroleum
66
Journal of Electricity, Power and Gas, SF
Vol. 24, No. 7. P.148
2/12/1910
64
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ENGINES
Despite the proposal to develop hydroelectric power from the San Lorenzo River (see above), the only
power generation actually realized was from the beach power plant, and this was exclusively by
reciprocating steam engines.
The COEC power plant boasted as many as 3 reciprocating steam engines, with an aggregate rating of
over 400 HP.
The essential prime mover in the COEC plant is described as follows:
“a 22 by 36 series “B” condensing Hamilton-Corliss engine running at eighty-four revolutions
per minute and developing 300 indicated horsepower, and which was built under the specifications
of the Hoover-Owens-Reneschler Company [sic] 67. It carries a sixteen-foot band wheel having a
twenty-nine-inch face68”
By 1905, the reciprocating steam engine had been developed nearly to its limits of size and efficiency. A
few engines producing as much as 25,000 HP were installed for industrial (mechanical) power
generation, but these were not practical for electric power stations, partly because of their low rotational
speed. The largest engines installed in central electric stations were less than 10,000 HP. In fact, 92% of
steam engines in central electric power stations in 1902 were rated at 500 HP or less69, meaning that the
Corliss engine in the COEC plant was typical of the time, at least in terms of capacity.
The Hooven, Owens, Rentschler Co. was founded in 1882 in Hamilton, Ohio.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooven-Owens-Rentschler
68
The most visually prominent feature in Fig. 3.
69
U.S. Bureau of the Census
Central Electric Light and Power Stations, 1902
(The largest electric power stations achieved large outputs by employing multiple smaller engines rather than one
large engine, as discussed in Hunter and Bryant p. 329.)
67
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Figure 6. Engraving of a Series B Hamilton Corliss engine from reference 70.
Note that the 16-foot diameter wheel is not shown, and that the engine appears
in the reverse orientation of that in Fig. 3.
Corliss-type engines were prevalent throughout the latter 19th and early 20th Century. They were
characterized by a system of 4 cylindrical valves (Fig. 6) patented by George Henry Corliss in 1849. After
the patents expired, many other firms manufactured this type of engine. A thorough appraisal of Corlisstype engines is provided by Hunter70.
According to the manufacturer’s literature, “Series B” engines would be considered the “economy
model” of Corliss engine. They were constructed on an “I-Beam” frame, rather than the more robust
girder frame” used for the A series. Moreover, they were afforded “less outer finish” than the A series,
and could be therefore be offered at “reduced cost”71. Series B engines were produced in 20 stock sizes
rated from 50 HP to 550 HP, so the COEC engine was mid-range.
”22 by 36” refers the diameter and stroke of the piston in inches72.
According to a typical classification73 84 rpm would have been decidedly low speed, consistent with the
need for such a large driving pulley (see below).
A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1780-1930. Vol. 2: Steam Power
Louis C. Hunter
Hagley Museum and Library, University Press og Virginia, Charlottsville, 1985 Chap. 5
71
Series B Hamilton Corliss Engine
Bulletin No. 22
Hooven, Owens, Rentschler Co., Hamilton. Ohio
Dec. 1, 1915
[Author’s collection.]
72
i.e. The stroke volume is 13,700 in3.
73
Steam Engine Principles and Practice
Terrell Croft, ed.
McGraw-Hill, NY, 1922; p. 19.
70
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In the left foreground of the photo of the power plant interior (Fig. 3) there appears to be a second,
smaller steam engine (note the small fly-ball governor near the left margin) that is not shown in the floor
plans (Appendix B) and is not mentioned in the published description of the plant. That such an engine
probably did exist is supported by the Sanborn map (Appendix A) that indicates the presence of a
second engine by the notation “ENG 12 HP” at the appropriate location. This small engine may have
been used to drive the exciter dynamo (see below), or to power the water pumps for the seawater
intake, but these are only speculations.
In 1905 a new “100 HP engine” (evidently a steam engine) was purchased to serve as a backup for the
Corliss engine when it was offline74. This new engine, however, was not fitted out to drive the original
Westinghouse alternator. Instead it was connected directly to its own generator. Direct connection of an
engine to its generator reduces the loss of mechanical power compared to the more primitive pulley and
belt connection, and also reduces maintenance. Furthermore, it is more compact, making it easier to
cram the new equipment into the space remaining at power plant. The constraint imposed by direct
connection is that the engine and generator must rotate at the same rpm value, so the new engine was
probably of the so-called “high-speed” variety pioneered by Charles T. Porter in the 1860s, and which
were capable of operation at speeds of 700 rpm and above. Indications are that this engine/generator
duo was installed in early in 1906. Building the concrete foundation for this new machinery was an early
project of the Granite Rock Co.75
One or more of these engines probably was moved to the new Coast Counties power plant when the
COEC plant was shut down in 1908 (see Section V. below).
ELECTRICAL
“…a 180-kilowatt, 2,300 volt, three-phase Westinghouse alternator, together with a fivehorsepower, 125 volt exciter…”
By way of comparison, the Big Creek hydroelectric plant was capable of 150 kW when installed in 1896,
but the total capacity had been increased to 800-900 KW in 1905.
Another interesting point of comparison is the photovoltaic array installed on the roof of the Ecology
Action/Cruzio (formerly Sentinel) building in 2010. This is rated at 52 kW maximum output, but averages
only about 10 kW76.
An exciter is a small dynamo (DC generator) whose current output energizes the poles (electromagnets)
of a larger dynamo or alternator. I am not certain whether this was driven by the 300 HP Corliss engine,
or by a smaller dedicated engine.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 10/20/1905, p.5.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 2/8/1906, p.1.
76
City of Santa Cruz Climate Action Program
Go Solar Santa Cruz Commercial Solar Case Study
Ecology Action-Cruzio Building
http://www.cityofsantacruz.com/home/showdocument?id=39494 5/29/2017
74
75
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The published description does not give the frequency (cycles per second or Hertz) of the AC current
output. 60 Hz was introduced as an AC standard by the Westinghouse company in 189077 as a
compromise between the higher frequencies optimal for lighting, and the lower frequencies optimal for
electric motors, but in 1905 60 Hz was yet the universal national standard it is today.
I was able to tease out enough information to estimate the frequency of the COEC alternator output as
follows:
E = engine RPM = 84 rpm (=1.4 rps)
R = Ratio of alternator speed to engine speed = 5.178
P = # poles in alternator = 1679
Freqency (Hz) = (E) (R) (P) (1/2)80 = (1.4) (5.1) (16) (1/2) = 57 Hz
This estimate is close enough to 60 Hz to convince me that COEC made 60 cycle 3-phase AC consistent
with today’s standard in the US.
CONDENSER
The useful work performed by a steam engine is proportional to the difference between the intake steam
pressure and the exhaust steam pressure (“back pressure”) Ordinarily, the exhaust pressure would be
near atmospheric. An engine will develop greater power, if the backpressure is reduced relative to the
inlet pressure.
In a condenser, the exhaust steam is cooled below 100 degrees C, and converted to liquid water,
creating a partial vacuum. This lowers the back pressure to 10-14 psi below atmospheric. The
condensate is then collected in a sump (the “hot well”) from whence it is recycled (by pumping) back
into the boiler to create a closed cycle. Condensing can improve the thermal efficiency of an engine by
as much as 20%, in addition to reducing the requirement for feed water (see above).
The drawbacks to condensing are:
1. An ample supply of cheaply obtained cooling water must be provided. (See above for a discussion of
condenser cooling water.)
2. If the exhaust steam is cooled and condensed, it cannot be used for heating. According to one
authority:
“Condensing operation is not economical for any engine when most of the exhaust steam
from the engine can be profitably used for heating or industrial purposes. In general, the
exhaust from an engine should be condensed only when it cannot be used.81”
Owen, E.L, The Origins of 60-Hz as a Power Frequency
Industry Applications Magazine, IEEE, Volume: 3, Issue 6, Nov.-Dec. 1997, Pages 8, 10, 12-14.
78
Estimated by measuring the engine flywheel and alternator pulley diameters in the diagram in Appendix B.
79
Counting in the alternator poles (electromagnets) Appendix B.
80
A full cycle of AC requires that an armature coil pass 1 North and 1 South pole.
81
Steam Engine Principles and Practice
77
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This suggests that heat from the COEC power plant was NOT used to a significant extent for general
heating of the casino or other buildings at the beach.
Figure 7. Photograph of the power plant interior showing several pieces of accessory equipment. A. Goubert
Feed Water Heater, B. Snow Feed Water pumps, C Hot Well and D. You have to love the crescent wrenches
on the wall. The pipe insulation is probably asbestos.
FEED WATER HEATER
A feed water heater increases the overall thermal efficiency of a steam plant by raising the temperature
of the water drawn from the hot well (typically at 100 deg. to 140 deg. F) to near boiling before it is
injected into the boiler, thereby reducing the amount of combustible fuel consumed per quantity of
steam delivered to the engine. The source of heat used to do this is, in the COEC plant, was apparently
the exhaust steam from the several types of auxiliary steam-driven pumps82.
Terrell Croft, ed.
McGraw-Hill, NY, 1922
82
These include the oil pumps, the condensate pumps, and the feed water pumps. It is interesting to note that
these pumps were steam-driven; they did not have electric motors.
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The Goubert Type A vertical tube feed water heater was introduced in 189283. As noted in the Goubert
literature, the feed water heater acted essentially as a second condenser for the exhausted steam, with
its cooling water being the boiler feed water. The estimated saving in fuel was 6%.
Fig. 8 Goubert Type A vertical
tube feed water heater. From
reference 82.
HOT WELL
The hot well was simply a receptacle, or tank to collect the hot water drawn from the condenser. This
water was returned to the boiler, being drawn from the hot well by the feed pumps and then passed
through the feed water heater.
FEED WATER PUMPS
Water leaving the boiler as steam must be continually replaced by injecting “feed water”. The feed
water, whatever its source, is invariably at atmospheric pressure (14-15 psi), so considerable work is
expended to pump it into the boiler at a pressure is 125 psi.
The COEC plant used Snow Feedwater pumps shown in Fig. 7. These were arranged as a tandem pair of
reciprocating mini steam engines that drove integral pumps to generate the required pressure to force
the water into the boilers.
The other possible source of heat for feed water heating is the hot flue gases leaving the furnace. This was not used
in the COEC plant.
83
Anon. (1892)
The Goubert “Water-Tube” Feed Water Heater
The Electrical Engineer, NY
Vol. 13, No. 196, p.125
2/3/1892
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Figure 9. Snow duplex steam pump 84 . Several sizes, 8120 gpm were offered
A Book of Tools, Being a Catalog of Tools, Supplies, Machinery, and Similar Goods
Chas. A. Strelinger and Co. Detriot
1895
84
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V. Business History C hronology
1904
The first public notice of a new electric plant appeared in local papers in February85 and described “A
subsidiary corporation … to put up an electric light plant to supply the Tented City, the casino, the
pleasure pier, the esplanade, and also to engage in competitive lighting of business houses, etc.” Later
the same month another article reported a conversation between Fred Swanton and H. E. Irish
concerning an “independent electric lighting system for the tent city”86 Beginning in April, and
extending into September, papers carried occasional brief updates on construction activity at the COEC
power plant87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93. It seems astonishing that within 4 months of these reports the COEC had
been incorporated and its power plant built and brought into operation.
Articles of incorporation were filed, and company officers elected in May. (See Sec. III, above.)
In early June, H. E. Irish offered to have the COEC wire and light the streets of Santa Cruz from 6/11 –
9/15 “practically at the cost of wiring”, ostensibly as a “donation … to the New Santa Cruz fund”. The
wiring infrastructure was to be done in a “permanent manner” and left available (after Sept. 15) for “any
future occasions”. Several rate options, from $325 to $485, were proposed, based on the number of
incandescent bulbs to be provided, and their illuminating power. The Council accepted the least
expensive among the options offered, which envisioned 332 bulbs of 10 candle-power each.94 It seems
that the arc lights on the city streets, powered by the municipal plant, were being augmented during the
summer tourism season by incandescent lighting downtown, and at the esplanade, and that this was
contracted out.
The work of putting up lights on Pacific Ave. proceeded under direction of Harvey Meade, presumably
an employee of COEC. The strings were on pulleys so they could be easily lowered to replace burned
out bulbs95. Lights extended all the way to the beach, unlike the previous year when they stopped at
Hotel Hagemann.
In anticipation of the opening of the new Beach Company attractions, the Sentinel reported that “the
electric light fixtures for the pillars of the inside of the casino are very swell” and that “the tents are to be
lighted up” on opening night96.
The Sentinel’s report of opening night at the casino featured the following description of lighting97:
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
Santa Cruz Surf, 2/9/1904, p.8:4.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 2/14/1904, p.2.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 4/27/1904, p.3.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 5/13/1904, p.3.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 5/27/1904, p.3.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/2/1904, p.3.
Santa Cruz Surf, 6/18/1904, p.1:1.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/26/1904, p.3.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 9/17/1904, p..
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/2/1904, p.1.
Santa Cruz Surf, 6/9/1904, p.5.
Santa Cruz Surf, 6/9/1904, p.1:4.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/11/1904, p.1.
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“The Co-Operative Light and Power Company [sic] turned on a portion of their power Friday
afternoon and night and tested for the first time the thousands of electric light globes that will
illuminate the streets of Santa Cruz, the Neptune Casino and the Tented City during the coming
summer.
The big engines at the power house were running at full speed Friday afternoon, the bright yellow
belts flashing as they whirled around the big wheels to the time of a hundred revolutions a minute.”
The COEC began to actively extended service to other parts of the city by placing wires to East Santa
Cruz, and up Lincoln St. and along Mission to Walnut.98
They also proposed to provide incandescent lights for the County court house for $35 per month99. This
was at first accepted; but was soon rescinded following a complaint by the SCELP Company that no
other bids had been solicited or considered.100 I could not locate information on the outcome of this, but
it suggests that the COEC had indeed created competition in the local electric power market.
Overall, the COEC enjoyed a successful first year in business.
One sour note was struck by a minor act of vandalism when someone shut off a valve for the oil supply
to the boilers, leading to a 10-minute blackout of the Neptune Casino, Bathing Pavilion, and tent city.
The COEC offered a $250 reward for apprehension of the perpetrator/s.101
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 11/12/1904, p.1.
Santa Cruz Sentinel (Santa Cruz, California) · Tue, Dec 6, 1904 · Page 1
100
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 12/7/1904, p.4.
101
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 7/28/1904, p.1.
98
99
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1905
Local papers carried a number of notices documenting the extension of the COEC distribution system
and the sale of power to “outside” customers beyond the casino and immediate vicinity of the beach. In
January, they were erecting poles for a transmission line on North Branciforte Av. as far as “the G. H.
Normand residence at the junction of Glen Canyon and Blackburn drives”102, as well as installing
transmission lines in Chinatown103.
The COEC again bid on the yearly contract with the City to provide incandescent lights for the
esplanade but was underbid by the Santa Cruz Electric Light and Power Co.104
In February, City Trustees Leask and Parker were delegated to arrange with the COEC to install
incandescent lighting on Church Street between the library and Pacific Ave105.
There was also news that the COEC was awarded a contract for lighting Pacific Ave. from 5/20 to 9/20 at
$80 per month, “$20 less than the old company last year106. This is at odds with the fact that newspaper
accounts indicate that COEC held the contract the previous year (see above). In any case, the April
expenses of the City street lighting plant included $126.06 for “oil and street lights” paid to the
COEC.107
The streets of Santa Cruz were now bestrewn with transmission lines of 4 electric utilities, in addition to
electric streetcar and telephone lines. This must have reached a level of chaos and disorganization that
precipitated the erection of new poles on Pacific Ave. that would carry “the combined lines of the
various companies”, suggesting some degree of (possibly forced) cooperation between them108. Local
contractor George Pratchner was awarded the contract to erect 18 Oregon cedar poles109.
A merry-go-round driven by an electric motor was installed by the Beach Co. This is the earliest known
example of the use of COEC electricity for power rather than lighting110.
In May, Ralph Morris resigned as “superintendent” of the COEC plant. He was replaced by R. L. Cardiff,
who in turn resigned his position as the “City Electrician and Inspector of Wiring”111,112.
Fred Swanton announced a plan to build an ice plant at the beach to be run “in connection with COEC”,
i.e. using waste steam from the COEC power plant113. I do not know if this ice plant was ever built.
The COEC opened an office on Pacific Ave. (#155 or #164, opposite the Pacific Ocean House) in “a
room occupied by A. J. Hinds”114. Presumably this was for the purpose of transacting business with
customers other than the Beach Co.
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
Evening Sentinel (Santa Cruz, California) · Fri, Jan 6, 1905 · Page 3
Santa Cruz Surf, 1/27/1905, p.8:3.
Santa Cruz Sentinel (Santa Cruz, California) · Tue, Apr 4, 1905 · Page 1
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 2/8/1905, p.1.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 5/16/1905, p..
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 4/5/1905, p.1.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 2/9/1905, p.1.
Santa Cruz Surf, 2/10/1905, p.8.
Santa Cruz Surf, 2/7/1905, p.1:4.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 4/20/1905, p.6.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 4/16/1905, p.3.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 8/1/1905, p.3.
Page 27 of 35
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Mike Dalbey
1906
1906 proved to be a tumultuous year for the COEC from beginning to end.
Sale and Consolidation
In January, news leaked that the COEC had been sold to John Martin and Eugene DeSabla115,116,117. The
reported price was $100,000118, which would apparently represent a substantial return on the original
investment. Martin and DeSabla had recently purchased the Santa Cruz Electric Light and Power Co. and
the Watsonville Light and Power Co., so this could not have been a surprise. They were known to be also
negotiating to buy the Union Traction Co. and the Big Creek Power Co. and these further acquisitions
were completed by September, thereby removing all major electric utilities in the County from local
ownership. All the local companies became wholly-owned subsidiaries of a new corporate entity, the
Coast Counties Light and Power Company119120. The COEC power plant remained in operation until
1908, and in following its history I continue to refer to it as the “COEC power plant”.
R. L. Cardiff, superintendent of COEC is named superintendant of SCELP as well121 and his office moved
from 49 Pacific to “headquarters of new companmy”.122 This obviously was a step in the direction of
integrating the previously independent power companies.
In November, the COEC filed a certificate changing the principal place of business from Santa Cruz to
San Francisco under the names of John Martin, president, and Henry Malloch, Secretary.123
Earthquake
The COEC powerhouse was “partly wrecked” in the great earthquake of April 18th.124 Particulars on the
nature and extent of the wreckage are not forthcoming in the local papers. The lack of further news
coverage, plus the fact that the tourist attractions at the beach apparently continued operating during
the early summer tourist season, suggest that the wreckage was not extensive and was rapidly repaired.
The new owners of the COEC could take little comfort in this, given the tremendous damage suffered by
the properties of the newly incorporated P.G.and E. Co. in San Francisco. The next year, P.G.and E. Co
barely weathered a financial crisis precipitated by the expense of rebuilding facilities in the city.125
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 12/7/1905, p.5. (The A. J. Hinds real estate, loan, and insurance office.)
'Santa Cruz Electric Plant Sold' Los Angeles Herald, 1/12/1906.
116
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 1/13/1906, p.15.
117
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 1/12/1906, p.1.
118
'Electric Light and Power' Santa Cruz Surf, 1/11/1906, p.1:1.
119
Referred to below as the “CCLPC”.
120
Incorporated March, 1906.
San Francisco Call, 3/4/1906.
121
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 1/25/1906.
122
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 1/25/1906.
123
Co-Operative Electric Company: Certificate of Change of Principal Place of Business filed Nov. 21, 1906; County
Clerk’s Index No. 369. MAH Archives, courtesy of Marla Novo
124
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 4/27/1906, p.13.
125
Charles M. Coleman
P.G.and E. of California
McGraw-Hill,1952.
114
115
Page 28 of 35
�v. 1 06/27/2017
Mike Dalbey
Fire
The fire that destroyed the casino and plunge baths in June seared the collective psyche of Santa Cruz
to an even greater extent than the earthquake. However, the passageway at the eastern side of the
plunge bath building leading from the Tent City to the pleasure pier acted as a “firebreak” that allowed
firefighters to save the COEC power plant from going up in flames. (See the 1905 Sanborn Map in
Appendix. A) The Coast Counties Company rewarded each of the 3 firemen responsible with $25
cash126.
An interesting sidelight on this aspect of the fire is that there was at the time a proposal to expand the
courthouse building on Pacific Avenue by eliminating a public walkway between it and the IOOF
building. Opponents pointed out that eliminating the walkway would pose greater fire risk, citing as
evidence the experience at the COEC plant127, 128. This opposing argument apparently prevailed, and the
remnant of this legacy is preserved even today as the so-called “Cooper House Mall”.
The survival of the power plant, along with most of the tent city and “electric pier” enabled the Beach
Company to cobble together a semblance of a tourist attraction for the summer.129 Furthermore, COEC
power was available to support the rapid re-building and expansion of the Beach Co. facilities130.
Storm
Just before the close of the year, 1906 delivered a final wallop to the COEC power plant. The “worst
storm in memory” damaged many of the properties at the beach that had survived the earthquake and
fire, or that were already under re-construction. The bandstand was torn from its foundations on the pier
and hurled all the way across the railroad tracks. A large crew of men narrowly saved the smoke stack of
the power plant from being toppled131, but electrical lines throughout the city went down132.
126
127
128
129
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/11/1906, p.6.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/29/1906, p.4.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/30/1906, p.4.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/23/1906, p.1.; Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/23/1906, p.8.
130
Santa Cruz Surf, 9/15/1906, p.1.
131
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 12/15/1906, p.9.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 12/15/1906, p.9.
132
Page 29 of 35
�v. 1 06/27/2017
Mike Dalbey
1907
In January, a notice appeared in local papers that the COEC
business office was moving a few doors up Pacific to #277, where
it would share space with the SCELP Company133. This was
another step in the integration of the previously independent
utility companies by their new owners, though the original
company names were still being used locally.
In March, John Martin announced plans to construct a new,
modern, larger power plant to be located adjacent to the Cottage
City134. Construction began later in March, with the view of having
the new plant operational for the summer season. 135 Remember
that this construction was undertaken in concert with re-building the casino and plunge baths after the
fire. The COEC power plant would be de-commissioned after the new plant came online.
In May the COEC plant was still being run at maximum capacity136 and the CCLPC contemplated starting
up their new plant even before the roof was constructed, so great was demand.
Coast Counties Power Plant Smokestack
COEC Power Plant Smokestack
Figure 10. Section of a 1907 panoramic photo showing the COEC power plant (center) next to the recently
re-built Plunge Bath (left). The smokestack of the “new” CCLPC power plant is visible behind the “old” COEC
plant. The incandescent lighting fixtures on the “electric pier” are also evident. Courtesy of the Santa Cruz
Beach Boardwalk Archives.
133
134
135
136
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 1/26/1907, p.9.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 3/2/1907, p.15.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 3/23/1907, p.1.
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 5/28/1907, p.1.
Page 30 of 35
�v. 1 06/27/2017
Mike Dalbey
The new casino opened in mid June to great fanfare137. According to the Sentinel’s correspondent, the
opening was a triumphant success, and her description featured a detailed and laudatory description of
the “dazzling” electrical illumination of the new buildings on opening night (See Fig. 11.).138 Regrettably,
my information is not clear as to whether electricity on opening night was generated in the “old” or the
“new” power plant, or both.
Figure 11. Newly re-built casino on opening night. Santa Cruz Public Library
139
Santa Cruz Surf, 6/17/1907, p.3:3.
“First Night at the Casino” by Josephine Clifford McCracklin
Santa Cruz Sentinel, 6/22/1907, p.13.
139
“Second Casino at Night,” SCPL Local History, accessed June 23,
2017, http://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/11162.
Identifier: LH-scpl-459
137
138
Page 31 of 35
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Mike Dalbey
1908 and after
Power generating equipment was moved from the COEC power plant to the new Coast Counties power
plant across the street. The equipment moved to the new powerhouse included either “all”140, “two
boilers and engines”, or just “the boilers”141. I may be able to clarify this in an ensuing study of the Coast
Counties power plant.
The COEC power plant building was re-purposed142 and eluded the wrecking ball until November, 2016,
by which time its early history had been largely forgotten.
Coast Counties Power Plant
Former COEC Power Plant
Figure 12. This 1911 photo shows an early phase of construction of the Del Rey
Hotel. The COEC power plant building retains its original onion domes, but the
smokestack has been removed, reflecting its disuse as a power generating facility.
The Coast Counties power plant building is seen to the left. Photo is courtesy of
Santa Cruz Public Libraries143.
Santa Cruz Surf, 3/12/1908, p.4 : 4.
Journal of Electricity, Power, and Gas, S. F. Vol. 21 No. 1; p. 15; 7/4/1908
142
The Sanborn Fire Insurance Map for Santa Cruz, CA, 1917, p. 28 indicates the use of the building with the
notation “Stge”. I assume this means storage.
143
“Laying the foundation for the Casa ...,” SCPL Local History, accessed June 20,
2017, http://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/9408. Identifier LH-0143
140
141
Page 32 of 35
�v. 1 06/27/2017
VI.
Mike Dalbey
APPENDIX
A. SANBORN MAPS
Several Sanborn Fire Insurance maps depict the COEC power plant and related infrastructure.
1905 p. 28:
This probably shows the power plant as constructed. The boilers, the dynamo, and two steam engines
are indicated. The new oil storage tank is shown on the right.
1917 p. 28:
The note indicates the power plant is now serving as a storage facility and that a new building has been
constructed partly over the oil tank..
Page 33 of 35
�v. 1 06/27/2017
Mike Dalbey
B. Floor Plan and Elevation
Page 34 of 35
�v. 1 06/27/2017
Mike Dalbey
Page 35 of 35
�
Dublin Core
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Santa Cruz History Articles
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Original articles by library staff and by local authors and material from historical books.
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The Co-Operative Electric Company, Santa Cruz, California, 1904-08
Description
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This paper describes key aspects of the brief history of the Co-Operative Electric Company.
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Dalbey, Mike
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2017-06-27
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AR-188
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Santa Cruz (City)
1900s
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Electric Power Companies
Co-Operative Electric Company
Santa Cruz Beach, Cottage, and Tent City Compnany
Business
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https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/f4abaf59964c0b255800ac8f59bf2268.jpg
4018992d4cb0828518d8682d35c86efb
Dublin Core
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Photograph Collection
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Photographs from the 1860's to the 2000's, documenting the history of Santa Cruz County.
See the <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/restrictions-on-use">About</a><a> sectionfor the library's reproduction policy and restrictions on use.</a>
Various sources were used to identify persons, events, and places. Citations to print sources were abbreviated. See the <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/sources-used-to-identify-photographs">About</a><a> section for a list of sources used.</a>
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5" x 7"
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LH-bap-003
Title
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PG&E Crew at Brookdale
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Storms
Description
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Storm pictures of 1974
Creator
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Anderson, Bruce
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Bruce Anderson Photography
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1974-01
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1970s
Brookdale
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Disasters and Accidents
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-
https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/27042bfed771c310be0d4fc5dc7d5315.pdf
a50501c7954b6da7ae962f888d9c0a52
PDF Text
Text
����
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Local News Index
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An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
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Life at the Water's Edge: Following the course of water in Santa Cruz
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Water Supply
Water Companies
San Lorenzo River
Rivers and Streams
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Laguna Creek
Loch Lomond
Neary Lagoon
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Vreeken, Stacey
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Santa Cruz Style, v4n4, p60-63
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2015-Winter
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https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/637d8ff167064844addef39149235412.jpg
65732d396c686e8e5584235121a9e357
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Photograph Collection
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Photographs from the 1860's to the 2000's, documenting the history of Santa Cruz County.
See the <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/restrictions-on-use">About</a><a> sectionfor the library's reproduction policy and restrictions on use.</a>
Various sources were used to identify persons, events, and places. Citations to print sources were abbreviated. See the <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/sources-used-to-identify-photographs">About</a><a> section for a list of sources used.</a>
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Unknown
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LH-WD-043
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circ. 1961
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Aerial view of Newell Creek Dam
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Aerial view of the Newell Creek Dam and the Loch Lomond Reservoir in the San Lorenzo Valley. When full, the reservoir holds approximately 8.700 acre feet (2.84 billion gallons) of water.
<a href="http://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/sources-used-to-identify-photographs/">Source of information:</a> Graham Hill Water Treatment Plant
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1960s
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<a href="/omeka/items/show/134438">History of the Santa Cruz City Water Department</a>
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<a href="http://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/restrictions-on-use/">Restrictions on Use</a>
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Water Supply
Loch Lomond Reservoir
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Newell Creek Dam
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En
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PHOTO
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a1b25cfde28cacb4901a7aadf412a6e4
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Photograph Collection
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Photographs from the 1860's to the 2000's, documenting the history of Santa Cruz County.
See the <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/restrictions-on-use">About</a><a> sectionfor the library's reproduction policy and restrictions on use.</a>
Various sources were used to identify persons, events, and places. Citations to print sources were abbreviated. See the <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/sources-used-to-identify-photographs">About</a><a> section for a list of sources used.</a>
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Unknown
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LH-WD-042
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ca. 1960
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Construction of the Newell Creek Dam
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Construction of the Newell Creek Dam, an earthen dam approximately 195 feet high. The dam and the Loch Lomond Reservoir were built in 1960 at a cost of $2,550,600.
<a href="http://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/sources-used-to-identify-photographs/">Source of information:</a> Graham Hill Water Treatment Plant
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San Lorenzo Valley
1960s
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<a href="/omeka/items/show/134438">History of the Santa Cruz City Water Department</a>
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Water Supply
Loch Lomond Reservoir
Newell Creek Dam
Dams
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
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En
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PHOTO
Public Works
-
https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/6e59e2aae598b2ba026ad6acbaebc513.jpg
0b85ea60caaa9c45f88ce84fa15e611a
Dublin Core
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Photograph Collection
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Photographs from the 1860's to the 2000's, documenting the history of Santa Cruz County.
See the <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/restrictions-on-use">About</a><a> sectionfor the library's reproduction policy and restrictions on use.</a>
Various sources were used to identify persons, events, and places. Citations to print sources were abbreviated. See the <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/sources-used-to-identify-photographs">About</a><a> section for a list of sources used.</a>
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LH-WD-041
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1960
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Construction of the Newell Creek Dam
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Beginning stages of the construction of the Newell Creek Dam.
<a href="http://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/sources-used-to-identify-photographs/">Source of information:</a> Graham Hill Water Treatment Plant
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1960s
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<a href="/omeka/items/show/134438">History of the Santa Cruz City Water Department</a>
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Water Supply
Loch Lomond Reservoir
Newell Creek Dam
Dams
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
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Image
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En
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PHOTO
Public Works
-
https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/0bac03d9d4e9f7f584dff071250f4081.jpg
58e6a994a3fa4329252d8d86934cbdfa
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Photograph Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Photographs from the 1860's to the 2000's, documenting the history of Santa Cruz County.
See the <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/restrictions-on-use">About</a><a> sectionfor the library's reproduction policy and restrictions on use.</a>
Various sources were used to identify persons, events, and places. Citations to print sources were abbreviated. See the <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/sources-used-to-identify-photographs">About</a><a> section for a list of sources used.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
B&W
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image.
Unknown
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
LH-WD-040
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
Prior to 1960
Title
A name given to the resource
Newell Creek, before the construction of Newell Creek Dam
Description
An account of the resource
Newell Creek, before the construction of Newell Creek Dam which formed Loch Lomond Reservoir.
<a href="http://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/sources-used-to-identify-photographs/">Source of information:</a> Graham Hill Water Treatment Plant
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
San Lorenzo Valley
Relation
A related resource
<a href="/omeka/items/show/134438">History of the Santa Cruz City Water Department</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This photograph is courtesy of the City of Santa Cruz Graham Hill Water Treatment Plant.
<a href="http://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/restrictions-on-use/">Restrictions on Use</a>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Rivers and Streams
Water Supply
Loch Lomond Reservoir
Newell Creek
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Image
Language
A language of the resource
En
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
PHOTO
Nature
Public Works