["itemContainer",{"xmlns:xsi":"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance","xsi:schemaLocation":"http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5 http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5/omeka-xml-5-0.xsd","uri":"https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/browse?tags=Minority+Groups&sort_field=Dublin+Core%2CCreator&output=omeka-json","accessDate":"2024-03-28T17:43:28-07:00"},["miscellaneousContainer",["pagination",["pageNumber","1"],["perPage","10"],["totalResults","236"]]],["item",{"itemId":"134729","public":"1","featured":"1"},["collection",{"collectionId":"3"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"109713"},["text","Local News Index"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"109714"},["text","An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840006"},["text","It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the Santa Cruz Sentinel, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.
Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.
In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from The Mountain Echo. The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see The Mountain Echo."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840007"},["text","Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - Ask Us.
\n
"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1894645"},["text","While there is some overlap between this index and the Historic Newspaper Index (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839995"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"1"},["name","Document"],["description","A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"1"},["name","Text"],["description","Any textual data included in the document."],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907312"},["text","To the editor:
Quoting from G. W. Cornell's letter of Sept. 20 to the editor, \"everything possible should be done to encourage all Japanese to return to their native land and...\" Perhaps we could have just as easily relocated elsewhere but, my dear Mr. Cornell, because CALIFORNIA was our native land, we have returned.
In the spring of 1942, though charged with no crime, we were forcefully torn from our beloved home and lifelong, dear friends. With a lump in my throat, goodbyes were bade to fellow freshman classmates, wondering if we'd ever meet again. How clearly that day comes back to me now, the whole world seemed to crumble about us. Some of the evacuees were put behind barbed-wires in dusty Arizona, others in isolated camps in various parts of this country...our family was fortunate enough to be sent halfway across the continent to a camp in muddy Arkansas.
However, the greatest victim of this unrighteous uprooting of 70,000 American citizens certainly was not the Japanese-Americans themselves...rather, it was our basic concept of liberty, our standard of justice, and the appeal which we, as free people, should be making to the many oppressed people in the far corners of the world.
We love and intend to serve this great country with its high ideals. Hasn't America climbed to its present height of greatness because of the contributions of all racial groups? Is not our great American hero, Gen. Eisenhower, of German ancestry? It was certainly not for their own health that those Japanese-American boys fought so valiantly, giving of their blood, sweat, and tears, in some of the bitterest battles on the war fronts...no, they wanted to prove to doubting fellow-citizens of their undivided loyalty and devotion to this great country and the principles for which it stands.
Wouldn't it be indeed a wonderful world if each of us, rather than looking for the faults and ugliness in our neighbors and other nationalities, would just see the shortcomings and weaknesses in ourselves?
For those of you who still suspect our loyalty, we want you to know that we harbor no hatred toward you. Instead, we'll be praying for that glorious day when everyone all over this world, regardless of race, color, religion, background, or station in life, would all join hands together and live as God intended for us to live...as brothers.
Aiko Masada\"
"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907319"},["text","PAPER"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907302"},["text","LN-1945-09-26-1038"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907303"},["text","Watsonville Register-Pajaronian , page 3"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907304"},["text","1945-09-26"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907305"},["text","1940s"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907306"},["text","Nisei Plea For Understanding
[Editorial]"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907307"},["text","Wars-World War II"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907308"},["text","Evacuation (World War II)"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907309"},["text","Japanese American Community"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907310"},["text","Italian American Community"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907311"},["text","Aiko Masada"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907313"},["text","Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907314"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907315"},["text","TEXT"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907316"},["text","EN"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907317"},["text","NEWS"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907318"},["text","DOCUMENT"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"38"},["name","County at War"]],["tag",{"tagId":"22"},["name","Minority Groups"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"134389","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"20826"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/bd7f8d25e454a64ba0dca9b694d0dcb0.pdf"],["authentication","6a5f948fd7268b098f861ef418506a52"],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"7"},["name","PDF Text"],["description"],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"94"},["name","Text"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1899607"},["text","Go for Broke: 442nd Regimental Combat Team\nBy Tracy L. Barnett\n\nNisei unit fought with distinction—Japanese–American GIs recount stories of war\nWATSONVILLE—Nobody has to tell Tom Goto he's a hero. Long ago, he gave away the official recognition of his bravery:\na Purple Heart. He's not one to tell war stories. After 50 years, he still shakes his head quietly and says, \"I don't need to\nremember those things. I'd rather forget.\"\nLeft for dead with a belly full of shrapnel in the Vosges Mountains of France, Goto says it's enough to just be alive. The\nself-effacing silence of Goto and his companion of the \"Go For Broke\" 100th/442nd Regimental Combat Team kept a\ngeneration of Japanese–American heroes in the shadows of U.S. history for decades. Scores of the former members of\nthe most-decorated military unit in World War II came from Santa Cruz County, most from Watsonville.\nIt was members of the 442nd who shot the lock off the gate at Dachau; they fought their way through the Vosges\nMountains to rescue the \"Lost Battalion.\" They accomplished the deadly ambush of Italy's Gothic Line, climbing a cliff in\nsilence and total darkness as some fell to their deaths without uttering so much as a whimper.\nUntil now, they've kept their history folded away in the closet along with their medals. But the time has come for their\nstory to be told. \"I think the ice has been broken, and it's OK to talk now,\" said Terri DeBono, a Monterey filmmaker who\njust completed a documentary on the 442nd, \"Beyond Barbed Wire.\" The Film will cap off the Pacific Rim Film Festival\nwith a Monday screening at the Fox Theater in Watsonville, follow by a reception for the veterans.\n\"They're so full of humility, self-effacing; they give credit to everyone else but themselves,\" said DeBono. \"They'll tell you\nwhat their buddy did, but they won't tell you what they did.\"\nDeBono and her partner Steve Rosen, who directed the film, befriended Monterey veteran Yokio Sumida and his wife,\nMollie.\nYokio finally said, \"If we don' tell this story, who will?\"\nWe were just amazed at the story of these small men and what they were asked to do. They were put at the head of\nmany of the battles and were so determined prove their loyalty.\nThey were fighting like mad men. ... I can't believe we don't know this story, that it slipped by the pages of history.\nSome of the men went straight from the internment camps to the front lines. Others, like Santa Cruz native Henry Arao\nand Watsonville native Yoshio Fujita left their families behind in the camps to take on some of the War's most difficult\nand dangerous assignments.\nArao, who left behind his father, four brothers and two sisters in the Poston, Ariz. internment camp shrugs off the irony.\n1\n\n�\"We figured we wanted to show them that we were just as much an American as anyone else.\"\nEtched into his memory is the sight of companion Sadao Minamari, who threw himself onto a grenade to save his squad\nfrom almost certain death. Arao was only about 100 feet away at the time. Minamari received a posthumous Medal of\nHonor, America's highest military decoration.\nArao doesn't like to talk about it, but his own Distinguished Service Cross and Purple Heart are locked away in a safedeposit box. He received the honor for dashing out into a clearing to save the life of his wounded squad leader during\nthe fateful rescue of the Lost Battalion.\nIn \"The Lost Battalions: Going for Broke in the Vosges\" by Soquel resident Franz Steidl, the Alamo Regiment (so named\nbecause of their San Antonio origin) had been cut off for six days in the fall of 1944 without food and water in the heavy\nforests of the Vosges Mountains of eastern France. The 442nd was sent into the rugged terrain to rescue the surrounded\nsoldiers. A barrage of machine gun fire and mortars from the German troops on the hilltop rained down on the men,\ntaking them out in droves.\n\"The worst was the tree bursts,\" said Goto, describing the explosions of mortars in the treetops that rained hot metal\nand splinters down on the men. \"You can hear it whistling before it comes down, but by then it's too late.\"\nThe dense growth of the Vosges forest was legendary, lending a Vietnam-like quality to the nightmarish experience.\nThe big difference from Vietnam, however, was the bitter cold. Soldiers slept in the snow, were pelted by rain and\nimpeded by fog so thick they could barely see their hands in front of their faces. Soldiers suffered from frostbite and\ntrench foot so severe they could barely walk; some had to have their boots cut off when they finally made their way\nback.\n\"The daytime sun doesn't penetrate there; it's dark as hell,\" said Goto. \"We said, 'Go for Broke,' but there was really no\nalternative. There was no place else to go.\"\nThe battalion was left with three times as many casualties as the number of men they rescued. More than 100 were\nkilled in the four day charge.\n\"We were charging uphill all the time, and they [the Germans] were just sitting on the hill waiting for us with machine\nguns,\" said Arao \"They had the hills loaded with mines. If you walked in the wrong spot, you'd get your leg blown off—\nand a lot of men did. We actually didn't have a chance.\"\nArao, who became leader of his squad of 17 when his own squad leader was hit by a mortar burst has also been silent\nabout the ordeal for 50 years. Finally, with great deal of urging, he's begun to talk.\n\"I went into that deal with 17 men and only four made it out,\" he said. \"It just seems like it wouldn't be right to talk too\nmuch about it. I lost a lot of good people, but I was lucky enough to come home.\"\nJapanese–American soldiers during WWII had to fight two battles: one against the Nazis, the other against\ndiscrimination. As then-President Harry S. Truman put it, they won both.\nYoshio Fujita served as a scout and a communications man during the war, stringing miles of wire along the rough\nterrain to connect the telephones the troops used. He doesn't talk much about the internment camp where his family\nstayed, sleeping in converted horse stalls. But when he thinks of the unfair treatment his fellow Japanese Americans\nconfronted, his eye tear with the rage of injustice.\nThe signs were everywhere, even in his hometown of Watsonville: \"No Japs Allowed.\" He finally decided he couldn't take\nanymore. One day, before he was shipped overseas, he went into a restaurant to confront the owner:\n\"How come you've got that sign up?\" he demanded of the first person he saw, a waiter.\n2\n\n�\"Can't you read? It means what it says,\" retorted the man.\n\"I can read,\" Fujita responded evenly. \"But I'm going to go over protect your hide, and you'd better take that damned\nthing down or you're not going to have any windows and doors left in this place. I'm going to tear them all down.\"\nFujita served in the 522nd Field Artillery unit of the 442nd, the unit that opened the gates at Dachau, freeing the Nazi\nconcentration camp victims. He never saw the camp, because he was one of the ones sent ahead, but he heard the\nstories. He confronted a well-dressed Jew on the streets before the rescue and asked him how he came to be free.\n\"I'm not like those stupid ones in the camp who opposed Hitler,\" said the man, as Fujita recalls it. \"I work with the Nazis,\nand I'm fat and happy and I smoke good cigars.\"\nFujita's eyes tear again with disbelief. \"I don't understand how he could live with himself,\" he said.\nThe 100th/442nd Regimental Combat Team was 4,500 strong, but members received 18,143 individual decorations for\nbravery, including nearly 10,000 Purple Hearts. Thirty-eight members of the team came from Santa Cruz County, of a\ntotal of nearly 100 Santa Cruz County residents who served during World War II.\nNearly 20 of them served in military intelligence, using their linguistic skills to penetrate enemy lines, break secret codes,\ntranslate documents and perform a variety of other tasks. Two were the brothers of retired Watsonville High School\nhistory teacher Mas Hashimoto, who served out the war in the internment camps.\nHashimoto said he has been trying to get local vets to tell their story for years. He doesn't mince words when he speaks\nof the treatment of the Nisei, the first-generation American-born children of Japanese parents, during the war. The\n442nd was used as cannon fodder, he believes, time and time again being sent into situations deemed too dangerous for\nwhite soldiers.\n\"They were expendable,\" said Hashimoto. \"At first no one wanted the Japanese Americans. Again and again, they got\nthe dirty jobs.\"\nHashimoto tells the story of Merle's Marauders, the Nisei troops who parachuted into the jungles of Burma. Fourteen\nNisi linguists were among them.\n\"They were the ones who not only captured Japanese documents and translated them, they endured unbelievable\ncasualties; of 2,000 guys, only about 200 survived. They went through hundreds and hundreds of miles of jungle and\nwent beyond what anyone could be expected to endure.\"\nHis brother, Tadashi Hashimoto on detached service to the Marine Corps, served in the Pacific Islands and Japan. Serving\nin the islands was especially difficult for Japanese–Americans, who were fired on by both sides: the Japanese, who saw\ntheir American uniforms, and the Americans, who saw their Japanese features.\n\"He was good at interrogating the prisoners, at getting them loosen up and talk about their commanders and regiment,\"\nsaid Hashimoto. \"He didn't wear a helmet, because he didn't want to shot by his Marine buddies. And at night he was to\nstay in the tent and come out only in daylight; otherwise, he'd be shot.\"\nTo DeBono, the men of the 442 have marked a unique place in history.\n\"These are not war stories; to me it's the story of the human spirit,\" she said, \"We're talking about matters of the heart\nhere.\"\n\n3\n\n�Sources\n\n\nThis article originally appeared in the Santa Cruz County Sentinel, April 27, 1999 (p. 1) and is copyrighted by\nthe Sentinel. It is used here with permission.\n\nThe content of this article is the responsibility of the individual author. It is the Library's intent to provide accurate local history\ninformation. However, it is not possible for the Library to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a\nvariety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are incorrect and can provide documentation,\nplease contact the Webmaster.\n\n4\n\n�"]]]]]]]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"8"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123576"},["text","Santa Cruz History Articles"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123577"},["text","Original articles by library staff and by local authors and material from historical books. "]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264219"},["text","Articles on Santa Cruz County history, many with illustrations, are available here.\r\n\r\nThe Santa Cruz Public Libraries is grateful to our local historians and their publishers for giving permission to include their articles. The content of the articles is the responsibility of the individual authors.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264220"},["text","It is the library's intent to provide accurate information. However, it is not possible to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a variety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in an article are incorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264216"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries\r\n"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"1"},["name","Document"],["description","A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892109"},["text","Paper"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892100"},["text","AR-101"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892101"},["text","Go for Broke: 442nd Regimental Combat Team"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892102"},["text","Barnett, Tracy L."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892103"},["text","Santa Cruz County Sentinel, April 27, 1999 (p. 1)"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892104"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892105"},["text","4/27/1999"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892106"},["text","Text"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892107"},["text","En"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892108"},["text","ARTICLE"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892110"},["text","Copyright 1999 by the Santa Cruz Sentinel. Used with permission."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892989"},["text","Japanese American Community"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892990"},["text","Wars-World War II"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892991"},["text","US Armed Forces-Army"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892992"},["text","Veterans"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892993"},["text","Watsonville"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892999"},["text","1940s"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"34"},["name","Military"]],["tag",{"tagId":"22"},["name","Minority Groups"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"134512","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"21655"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/01ddf2361b7da0bfd5ab7eac6d6e1c34.pdf"],["authentication","c2125831b5eadf6814f0649b43692027"],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"7"},["name","PDF Text"],["description"],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"94"},["name","Text"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1900428"},["text","Nihon Bunka/Japanese Culture:\nOne Hundred Years in the Pajaro Valley\nBy Jane W. Borg and Kathy McKenzie Nichols\n\nCONTENTS\nChapter 1\nTradition Dictates Tomorrow: The Pioneers\nChapter 2\n100 Years of Agriculture: The Land Blossoms\nChapter 3\nUneasy Settlement: The War Years\nChapter 4\nA Time to Reflect: 1945 to Present [1992]\nBibliography\n\nFrom the booklet Nihon Bunka = Japanese Culture: One Hundred Years in the Pajaro Valley. It\nwas published by the Pajaro Valley Arts Council in conjunction with the Council's 1992\nexhibition of the same name. The text is published on the library’s website with the permission\nof the Council. Photographs are courtesy of Bill Tao. Copyright 1992, Pajaro Valley Arts Council.\n\n1\n\n�Chapter 1\nTradition Dictates Tomorrow: The Pioneers\nNo records are known to exist that precisely pinpoint the date that the Japanese came to the\nPajaro Valley. It is known that twelve Japanese laborers came to the area sometime in 1892,\nfirst to work at a saw mill and later at a hops farm. There is no way to know their thoughts,\ntheir dreams or their fears. We don't even have their names. But just imagine for a moment\nwhat it must have been like for them in a beautiful, rich land filled with promise - but\ncompletely alien in every aspect, for until 1885, few Japanese had ever set foot in America. But\nJapan's emigration restrictions were eased that year, and young men came seeking their\nfortune here - as so many did from around the world.\nThose laborers were the start of the Japanese community in the Pajaro Valley, which would go\non to influence every aspect of life here, even as its people fought discrimination and adversity\nto settle in this land.\nThe California Gold Rush, beginning in the late 1840s, attracted people of all nationalities to the\nport of San Francisco. Among them were the Chinese, who worked in the Sierra gold fields, and\nwho later provided the lion's share of the labor for the transcontinental railroad (1869), the\ndykes of the Sacramento and San Joaquin River delta and to complete the Southern Pacific\nRailroad Coast Line connection between San Francisco and Los Angeles.\nAs these monumental projects were finished, the Chinese turned to agricultural work - again\nproviding a vast labor force needed to support expanding California markets.\nUpon the 50th anniversary of the Watsonville Japanese American Citizens League in 1984,\nhistorian Sandy Lydon wrote: \"After Japan relaxed laws prohibiting emigration in 1885,\nJapanese farm laborers began to replace the aging Chinese in the fields of Hawaii, California,\nOregon and Washington. The number of Japanese living in the Pajaro Valley grew from a\nhandful in 1890 to over four hundred in 1900, and the young, energetic men soon filled the\nslots being vacated by Chinese in agriculture as well as finding employment as domestics,\nlaundrymen, woodchoppers and railroad workers in the Monterey Bay region.\"\nKazuko Nakane, author of Nothing Left in My Hands - an outstanding reference for the history\nof the first Japanese settlers in the Pajaro Valley - believes that the early settlers had a high\ndegree of literacy, the vision to become landowners with the ambition to work toward this goal\nand a high value placed on mutual aid, all of which led to their future success.\nSakuzo Kimura is believed to be the first Japanese labor contractor, bringing twelve men to\nwork in an Aptos sawmill and in the Pajaro Valley at an East Lake Avenue hops farm. Kimura, a\nman of about 40, made contracts quickly, aided by his fluency in English. He had learned the\nlanguage while working for the U.S. Navy, according to Nakane.\nAs the number of Chinese agricultural workers declined, the number of men emigrating from\nJapan steadily increased to work in crops, especially strawberries, on the Central Coast.\n2\n\n�In the beginning, the vast majority of Japanese immigrants to the Pajaro Valley were men. Due\nto unfamiliarity with language and customs, and to the continuing anti-Asian policies which\ncreated a climate of discrimination, these newly arrived agricultural workers joined together in\n\"labor clubs,\" \"employment clubs\" and \"societies\" for contract labor, living arrangements and\nmutual aid.\nKimura established the earliest known labor club in 1893. After the clubhouse was destroyed by\nfire, it was rebuilt in 1897 as the Shinyu (good friends) labor club. The Japanese \"labor boss\"\nsystem was similar to the Chinese boss system - for an annual fee, the contractor secured work\nfor the members and acted as a mediator between the\nemployer and the workers.\nIn times of unemployment, the workers would also lodge\nand cook meals at the club. The clubs naturally became\nearly social centers for the growing Japanese community.\nJapanese boarding houses soon followed, and by 1910\nthere were ten establishments in Watsonville that provided\nlodging, meals and employment information.\n\"Japanese Club,\" an Early Pajaro Valley\nLabor Club, 1896-1910\n\nDespite being strangers in a strange land, the early Issei\nmen enjoyed the carefree life of bachelors. Many men\ntraveled light, with just a buranketto (blanket) over their shoulders.\n\nAs bachelors are wont to do, some Japanese men spent their money foolishly. Across the river\nin what is now Pajaro, the Chinatown there offered gambling and paid female companionship.\nThe Chinese gambling houses were nicknamed \"Shanghai banks.\"\nBut as time went on, the men began longing for family life, and they also found ways to\nincrease their profits in order to support a wife and children.\nAs the agriculture of the valley changed from grain and sugar beet cultivation to fruit\nproduction some of the Issei became half-share strawberry farmers. In this arrangement, the\nlandowner provided the land, plants and equipment, and the Japanese farmer raised the crop.\nThe profits and risks were shared equally between the two. In the \"History of the Japanese\nPeople in Watsonville\", written for the 60th anniversary of the Buddhist Temple, it is noted that\nthe first sharecropper was Senzaemon Nishimura, who worked on the Hopkins Farm.\nFor most of the Japanese, sharecropping paid far better than contract wages. Eventually, many\nIssei farmers became cash tenants, leasing land with an annual payment and retaining all the\ncrop proceeds. One source reports that in 1900, Ueda Tao became the first Japanese farmer to\nlease a strawberry farm. The following year, individuals named Nishimura and Tetsutaro Higashi\nalso leased land.\nThe next step in the improvement of farming conditions was the organization of cooperatives in\nwhich individuals pooled their money to lease land in the Pajaro Valley. Among the earliest such\narrangements was the Y.Kosansha Company. Some of those associates were Kumajiro\n\n3\n\n�Murakami, Taroichi Tomioka, and three Yamamoto brothers - Matasuchi, Heitsuchi, and\nTaneichi.\nAt the same time, more Japanese women began to arrive in the\nPajaro Valley, many of them as brides for arranged marriages.\n(California and other states had laws preventing interracial\nrelationships.) For some, the arrangements were made in Japan\nbetween families from the same village who knew each other\nwell; for others, the bride and groom met only after arrival in San\nFrancisco. They were called \"picture brides\" since most had never\nmet their husbands-to-be, but had exchanged photographs and\nletters.\n\"Picture Brides\" ca. 1910\n\nAccording to the book Japanese American Women: Three\nGenerations 1890-1990, by Mei Nakano, the women were especially hard-hit by culture shock\nin an alien land. Few learned to speak any English at all. Farm laborers' wives had to set up\nhouse in dirt-floor shacks that contained nothing but a bed, a table and a wood stove.\nAlthough some picture brides deserted their husbands because of the hardships, most stuck it\nout, compelled by the strong cultural values of gaman (perseverance in the face of adversity)\nand giri (a sense of duty). When times were tough, Issei women would shrug and say, \"Shikata\nga nai\" (It can't be helped).\nBy 1910, there were 168 Japanese women in the Pajaro Valley. These women not only enabled\nthe establishment of families, but fostered the growth of community life, businesses and\ncultural organizations. As children were born and raised, the entire family worked in the\nfarming operations, increasing the family's economic security. Children were taught at a young\nage to pull weeds and do other field chores. Wives worked in the fields and also took care of\nthe home and children.\nAccording to Nakane, women also acted as midwives, set up boarding houses and ran\nrestaurants. Some men also looked for other lines of work, such as Bunkichi Torigoe, who\nestablished a watch and bicycle repair shop in Watsonville in 1909. Others were Yasutaro\nIwami, who set up a barber and billiards shop in 1900; and Keizo Atsumi, who opened a tailor\nshop in 1901.\nWatsonville's Japantown began to appear at the south end of Main Street around 1905. By\n1920, there were public baths, groceries, shoe stores, photographers, a tofu factory, an opera\nhouse, a Japanese school, a stagecoach company and doctors. Peddlers also made trips\nbetween labor camps to sell their wares.\nIn addition, a Japanese Presbyterian church and a Buddhist temple were established, as was the\nJapanese Association, which was founded to fight anti-Japanese laws.\nAs the population of the Japanese community increased, so did the number of agreements and\nlaws that restricted their citizenship as well as ownership, and eventually leasing, of land. Under\nthe Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907, Japan continued to allow the departure of wives and\n4\n\n�children of men already in the United States, but stopped issuing visas to laborers. In 1911, the\nU.S. Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization decreed that only Caucasians and people of\nAfrican descent could apply for citizenship.\nResentment against the West Coast's Japanese communities had been building for some time,\nperhaps due to envy of the immigrants' business success. Nakano reported that newspapers\nfanned the flames by printing headlines like:\nTHE JAPANESE INVASION\nTHE PROBLEM OF THE HOUR, and\nCRIME AND POVERTY GO HAND IN HAND WITH ASIATIC LABOR\nCalifornia's Alien Land Law of 1913 denied ownership of land to Japanese aliens and restricted\nleasing to a maximum of three years. Subsequent legislation in 1921 denied the right to even\nlease land. Finally, in 1924, all immigration from Japan ceased under U.S. legislation that\nprevented entrance to anyone who was not eligible for citizenship.\nThe Japanese devised a number of ways to get around the restrictions. Sympathetic lawyers\nwould draw up land deeds in the names of children, who could own land because they were\nborn in the United States and thus given automatic citizenship. Older Nisei also bought land for\nothers, such as Ichiro Yamaguchi, who recalled his life for Nisei Christian Journey: \"After I was\n21, I had to buy land for other people ... I would sign the papers and they would make all the\npayments.\"\nEven though later legislation prevented minors from owning land, some individuals were able\nto hold land in the name of an American citizen. For the most part, however, the land laws\nreduced the number of independent Japanese growers.\nAs a result of the land laws, followed by the Great Depression, many Issei never regained their\nformer economic stature. However, the community they had established in the Pajaro Valley\ncontinued to persevere, until anti-Japanese feeling reached its height at the beginning of World\nWar II.\n\n5\n\n�Chapter 2\n100 Years of Agriculture: The Land Blossoms\nAgriculture brought pioneer Japanese immigrants to the Pajaro Valley one hundred years ago. A\ncentury later, agriculture is still the valley's principal economic activity, and Japanese Americans\nhave played an important role in the success of local agriculture.\nThe earliest commercial cultivation of strawberries in the Pajaro Valley took place in the late\n1860s in the Vega district, on the Monterey County side of the Pajaro River. After the coming of\nthe railroad in the 1870s and the development of extensive irrigation systems for strawberries\nin the 1890s, Pajaro Valley strawberry production increased dramatically. The special\nrelationship of Japanese families to strawberry cultivation is a major chapter in the history of\nthe Pajaro Valley.\n\"The Japanese and Dalmatians (Slavs) have assisted in producing the changes introduced in the\nkinds of crops grown. The former, being unusually skillful berry growers, have had something to\ndo with the expansion of the production of berries until much of the land is thus employed,\nwhereas before their influx, little of it was so used. The latter have done much to encourage the\ngrowing of apples.\" (U.S. Immigration Commission, Reports, 1911.)\nThe unusual skill that Japanese workers demonstrated in working with strawberries was\naccompanied by their desire to gain more independence as growers and to be able to retain\nmore of the profits of production. Another early strawberry cooperative was J. and S. Kosansha,\noperated by Otokichi Kajioka and four others.\nFor the 75th anniversary of the Westview Presbyterian Church, Kenji Shikuma described his\nfamily's early involvement with strawberry growing:\n\"As I can recall to my memory as related to me by my parents on various occasions,\nfather (Unosuke Shikuma) came to Watsonville in the year 1902, and his first job was\nworking in the onion field for which his wage was one dollar a day; dollar and fifteen\ncents during the peak days. On the following year, he started growing berries on share\ntogether with some of his friends.\n\"In 1907 when Mother came here from Japan to join him as a young bride, they started\nout their life together as the berry growing family unit by joining other relative and\nfriend family groups to form an association to lease the ground together. To start with,\nthe families lived in crudely constructed camp houses roughly furnished with simple\nhome-made tables, benches, shelves, and wooden bed-frames.\n\"In most cases, two families occupied the same house separated only by a thin-walled\npartition. As time went by and with the coming of children, they managed to work out\nfor separate housings. Here in this so-called \"Strawberry Camp,\" we of the old Niseis\nmade our initial start in this world.\n\n6\n\n�\"About the time I was a few years old, father leased the ground on his own and fulfilled\nhis immediate ambition - that of becoming an independent strawberry grower. To\noperate a strawberry ranch on somewhat bigger scale and on his own was quite\ndifferent from what it was farming on share-crop basis, as it required greater financing\nin the first place, the need for working capital.\n\"He borrowed the money from his trusted Commission House in San Francisco Produce\nMarket to finance his berry growing, and that he in turn agreed to deliver certain\nportion of his crops toward repayment on the loan. The well-known department and\nhardware store in town, the Ford's, at that time extended him a credit liberally which\nhelped him greatly in making his start.\n\"When he became an independent grower, he took on sharecropper families, provided\neach a house, and had each family grow two to three acres apiece. Often times our\nhome was a social center, as father would always welcome all those on the farm for any\nspecial occasions ...\"\nAbout 1920, the largest and most productive strawberry ranch in the world was established\nunder a partnership between Unosuke Shikuma, Heitsuchi Yamamoto, O.O. Eaton and Henry A.\nHyde east of Salinas on the Oak Grove ranch at Natividad. Strawberries that were previously\nshipped in large chests to San Francisco on the railroad, were now transported by motorized\ntruck with a cooling device, in small wooden trays holding twelve-pint baskets.\nIn order to overcome many marketing difficulties overproduction, price fluctuations, lack of standardization,\nand absorption of profits by the commission houses, the\nCalifornia Berry Growers Association was formed in 1917. The\nassociation's constitution stated that the board of directors\nwas to be made up of equal numbers of Caucasian and\nJapanese directors.\nFamily Picking Strawberries on White\nRanch, near Freedom Boulevard, ca.\n1920s\n\nThe Japanese American Yearbook (1918) states that such an\norganization was suggested by Issei who were members of\nKashu Chuo Nokai (California Central Farmers Association), a\nJapanese farmers' organization. Members of the California Berry Growers Association's first\nboard of directors were: Mark Grimes, Sumito Fujii, James Hopkins, O.O. Eaton, J.E. Reiter, R.F.\nDriscoll, T. Sasao, T. Kato, K. Shikuma, F.J. Moriyasu, and Philip S. Erlich.\n\"Naturipe\" became the official trademark for the Association in 1922, and in 1958, the name of\nthe Association was changed to \"Naturipe Berry Growers,\" which is now one of the largest\nberry cooperatives in the world.\nOne of the earliest Pajaro Valley lettuce growers of any nationality was Kyuzaburo \"Harry\"\n(H.K.) Sakata, who immigrated, alone, to Canada from Wakayama province at the age of fifteen.\nAfter working and living with his uncle in Canada for two years, he joined other relatives, and\nmembers of his village in Japan, who were farming near Lompoc, California.\n\n7\n\n�Together they pooled their resources, saved money and eventually\nbought land and a thresher. Having received a satisfactory return\nfor their efforts in raising beans due to good market conditions\nduring World War I, part of the group returned to Japan, but H.K.\nSakata decided to stay.\nAfter searching for farm land, even as far away as Mexico, he\ndecided to buy in the Pajaro Valley. By this time, California's Alien\nLand Law had come into effect, but with the help of an attorney,\nthe L and W Land Company was established with the title held in\nthe name of his minor children, who were United States citizens.\n\nKyuzaburo Sakata with\nPrize Heads of Lettuce\n\nIn 1918 Sakata shipped ten teams of horses and the thresher from\nLompoc to Pajaro Junction by Southern Pacific railway, and thus began local farming operations\nwhich his descendants and others have continued to the present day.\nAlthough beans were the main crop in the early days, a great variety of berry and vegetable\ncrops were gradually added to supply the three local Espindola grocery stores. From 1921\nlettuce was produced on the Sakata ranches, and Sakata was one of the first West Coast\ngrowers to ship lettuce, packed in ice, by rail to eastern markets.\n\nThe partnership of Travers and Sakata, growers and\nshippers, was formed in the 1920s. This enterprise\neventually became Sakata and Son in 1939, producing\nsugar beets, lettuce, cauliflower, carrots, cabbage,\npotatoes and other crops.\nJapanese Laborers Harvesting Beans\n\nFollowing the enormous disruptions caused by the declaration of war against Japan, all\ncompany debts were settled through the sale of land and equipment, and remaining land was\nplaced with a property manager and leased to local growers for the duration of the war and the\nfamily's forced relocation in the Poston, Arizona, internment center. Eventually the family's\noperation of the Pajaro Valley ranches was resumed, and row crop production takes place\ntoday on several valley ranches.\nIn an interview with Luella Hudson McDowell in 1987, Hisaje \"Frank\" Sakata said:\n\"In concluding, we have had a continuous business history since December, 1917,\nalthough we have not lived here all that time. During the war years, we were guests of\nthe government in the Salinas Rodeo grounds for three months and a year in the Poston\narea of Arizona. Subsequently we lived in eastern Oregon for thirteen years.\n\n8\n\n�\"In the Pajaro Valley we have lived and have had neighbors who are Americans of\ndiverse national origin. It has been a privilege and an opportunity to have amiably done\nbusiness with persons with diverse names such as Nielsen, Crosetti, Jericich , Travers,\nGonzalez, Wong, Hudson, Matiasevich, Silliman, Shikuma, Oksen, Eaton and various\nothers - really a cross-section of Americans from all over the world.\"\nAlthough flowering plants have always thrived in the climate of the Monterey Bay, the flower\ngrowing industry was not established until after World War II. There were only three\ncommercial flower growers in the late 1950s.\nA particularly interesting chapter of the history of cut flower production was told by Harry\nFukutome in the booklet prepared for the 75th Anniversary of Westview Presbyterian Church.\nJapanese Americans in northern California were acutely aware of the devastating postwar\nconditions in Japan, and many relief supplies were sent by organizations and individuals. The\nplight of thousands of refugees returning from Korea, Taiwan and Manchuria to Japan was one\nof these many severe problems.\nIn 1955 the International Agricultural Fellowship Association (Kokusai Noyukai) arranged for the\nemigration of 1,000 agricultural workers to the United States under a refugee act that was in\neffect at the time.\nIn 1973, Harry Fukutome related:\n\"He (Unosuke Shikuma) personally visited Japan in 1955 and 1956 and interviewed the\nyoung people in Kagoshima and Yamaguchi prefectures and invited eight of them to his\nfarm and asked them to help him in raising strawberries. These ambitious and grateful\nyoung men were full of hope and not only worked day and night for him, but were\ngreatly influenced by Mr. Shikuma's character and all were led to Christianity.\n\"Almost all of them became American citizens. When the Refugee Act Agreement was\nfulfilled, each of them chose his own vocation. (The agreement was that they must work\nin the sponsor's field for three years.) Some became gardeners, others strawberry\ngrowers, but Akira Nagamine took up flower growing as his goal. He recognized how\nWatsonville weather was suited for such industry.\n\"So, depending heavily upon the support of Shikuma brothers, he planned to become a\nflower grower. He became a worker in a flower-growing firm in Mountain View.\n\"Meanwhile he called his brother, Osamu Nagamine, his brother-in-law, Hachiro\nFukutome, and they all learned the technique of the industry for about three years.\nThough they had acquired the technique and the knowledge, they had very little capital.\n\"So, instead of going on separately, they joined resources and in 1962, they were able to\nsecure a land which they had long waited for - about five acres on Condit Lane, which\nwas an apple orchard. They started growing carnations first. At that time, there were\nonly three flower growers in this area, Ben Craust, Mas Tachibana, and Sakae Brothers.\n\n9\n\n�\"Since 1962, besides Nagamine Brothers, others came into this area: Nakashima\nGrowers, PV Green House and others. When the new growers business and its success\nwas reported, old timers from the Bay Area moved to Watsonville, and on top of that\nwhen the promotion for cut flowers throughout the country was accelerated, many\nrefugees from Japan and new immigrants poured into this area primarily to raise\ncarnations.\n\"... Come to think of it, we owe so much to the faithful and devout Mr. Shikuma who left\na lasting impression upon us and we cannot forget the personal guidance he gave us at\nits beginning.\"\n\n10\n\n�Chapter 3\nUneasy Settlement: The War Years\nJapan's fateful decision to drop bombs on Pearl Harbor did more than destroy ships and planes\n- it also exploded the tenuous hold that Japanese immigrants and their descendants had on\ntheir adopted country, the United States.\nFor Issei and Nisei, the news of the December 7, 1941, attack was more than a declaration of\nwar. It was the beginning of an inner battle that hurt them more than they could say.\nOne woman quoted in Mei Nakano's book described her feelings at the news: \"An old wound\nopened up again, and I found myself shrinking inwardly from my Japanese blood.\" Watsonville\nresident Ichiro Yamaguchi wrote, \"When Pearl Harbor was bombed, I felt like somebody shot\nme ... I was worried that something might happen to us.\"\nHis fears were warranted, since the next day, the assets of the Japanese were frozen and the\narrests of community leaders began. A curfew was imposed as well.\nThe official spokesman for the Japanese Association, Ichiji Motoki, told the Watsonville\nRegister-Pajaronian that \"these people wish to lead peaceful lives and are not the element of\npotential troublemakers.\" Even so, arrests continued to be made of such \"troublemakers\" as\nBuddhist priests, teachers, ministers, Japanese Association officers and newspaper\ncorrespondents. Charges were never proven against any of them, according to The\nJapanese and Japanese Americans in the Pajaro Valley by Eleanor Johnson and Opal Marshall.\nOther individuals were questioned by the FBI and kept under surveillance.\nIt was not long after that the first evacuations were announced. The first was minor, an order\nfor all aliens to vacate a five-mile radius of the coast. This covered the area west of Highway 1,\nincluding Larkin Valley and the Roache District. It displaced some 23 Japanese families.\nAccording to documents from the California Historical Resources Commission, written by\nSalinas resident Violet De Cristoforo, by late January 1942 newspapers were printing\nunsubstantiated stories about Japanese American spies and saboteurs. On Feb. 19, President\nFranklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, authorizing the mass expulsion and\nincarceration of Japanese Americans.\nBy March 1942, many Japanese had left the Watsonville area voluntarily, creating a farm labor\nshortage. A committee of Watsonville Nisei even drove to Idaho to see about purchasing an\napple orchard, in hopes of moving the entire Japanese community there. However, according to\nSandy Lydon, the soil was rocky and poor, and their plan had to be abandoned.\nYoung Nisei men were also given the choice of being evacuated or joining the military, and\nmany did sign up. Young women also volunteered for the Women's Army Corps and the U.S.\nCadet Nursing Corps.\n\n11\n\n�After March 25, restrictions were placed on the movements of Japanese in Watsonville, Gilroy,\nthe Monterey Peninsula, Salinas and San Benito County. Between April and June, they were\ntaken to the Salinas Assembly Center, located at the Salinas Rodeo grounds.\nPosters were hung everywhere to give \"Instructions to All Persons of Japanese Ancestry.\" The\nevacuees could take nothing with them except bedding and linens, toilet articles, clothing,\nutensils, plates, cups and unspecified \"personal articles.\"\nThe Japanese Americans had to sell all they owned or leave it with someone they trusted.\nKazuko Nakane writes that they had to sell their belongings for a fraction of what they were\nworth, in order to be ready for the evacuation. Just as when they emigrated from Japan, they\ncould take only what they could carry.\nMore than 3,600 Japanese Americans were held at the Salinas Assembly Center until July 4.\nTwenty barrack buildings were constructed, measuring 20 by 100 feet. The camp was divided\ninto blocks made up of 14 barracks each. Each block held about 800 people and had its own\nmess hall, laundry and recreation room. The rooms had no shades, curtains, shelves, closets or\nlockers, so most evacuees stored their belongings under their beds.\nDespite the poor living conditions and general confusion of the time, the center residents\nquickly formed a wide variety of social activities. Several enterprising souls put together a camp\nnewsletter, The Village Crier, to report on the happenings. Activities during this time included\nconcerts by a glee club and an impromptu band, games of Go and Shogi, Buddhist meetings,\nsoftball games, bridge, art classes and talent shows, according to copies of The Village Crier,\nobtained from the Bancroft Library.\nThe tone of the writing is generally sunny, although in one early issue an editorial appeared,\nsigned only by the initials G.T.: \"We are 3,000 strong with physical features that are alike. Does\nthat make us think or do the things identically as the next person? Surely, we have minds of our\nown.\"\nThe author also advised readers, \"Belief and faith in the ultimate\nsuccess that is our heritage will help us through this adjustment\nperiod. We are not lost. Be strong.\"\nSuch was the community spirit of the temporary camp that when\nrelocation plans were announced, the residents held \"Hello,\nArizona!\" parties, decorated with paintings of desert scenery.\nNinety percent of the Salinas Assembly Center evacuees were sent\nto Poston Relocation Camp in Arizona; 1,222 of them were from\nSanta Cruz County. The Watsonville-area Japanese were split\nbetween Poston Camps I and II, according to Lydon.\nWatch Tower, Poston,\nArizona, 1942\n\n12\n\n�In Nakano's book, one woman remembers her arrival at Poston Camp: \"We arrived in the\nmiddle of a dust storm ... There were times when the electricity went off and we had no water.\"\nEvacuees found these \"resettlement communities\" surrounded with barbed wire and guarded\nby military police.\nAccommodations were primitive, to say the least, and arrangements were especially hard on\nthe very young, the very old and the ill. Most parents and caregivers had to carry several\nbuckets of water to their living quarters each day.\nSleeping, eating, bathing and using the toilet was a group experience in the camps. The lack of\nprivacy was particularly difficult for Japanese women. People waited in lines to eat, get shots\nand to get jobs.\nAccommodations were similar to the temporary camps, modeled on Army barracks. Although\nthe rooms were bare and bleak, the residents did what they could to become comfortable.\nWomen ordered material from the Sears-Roebuck catalogue to make curtains, and the men\nscrounged lumber from wherever they could to make furniture.\nAs time passed, evacuees made a wide variety of items\nand even created gardens in the desert landscape. Ichiro\nYamaguchi remembers, \"In Camp II they had a crafts fair\nwhich was very interesting. I saw all the nice things and\nwas amazed. People had the time to do these things. They\nhad no place to go.\"\nThe long-time farmers even managed to raise crops and\nraise animals, which helped supplement camp meals,\nMaking Mattresses Out of Hay,\naccording to Nakano. The government only allotted about Poston, Arizona, 1942\n40 cents per meal. At the beginning, the food was\ngenerally abysmal, cooked by inexpert hands and made from whatever was cheapest to buy.\nOne woman said in Nakano's book, \"At one time we were served liver for several weeks, until\nwe went on strike.\" But by the end of 1943, the camps produced 85 percent of the vegetables\nthe evacuees consumed.\nThere were also a variety of leisure activities at the camps, especially for the children. Scout\ntroops were organized, as well as dances, concerts and all sorts of athletics. There were also\nschools for the youngsters, although the quality of education was uneven, due to the lack of\nproper materials and teachers.\nNot surprisingly, tensions often ran high. Rumors were always flying. Yamaguchi wrote, \"I don't\nknow how many times I heard that the Golden Gate Bridge fell down, that the Japanese (from\nJapan) came and bombed it.\"\nEvacuees could also work, both inside and outside the camp. Inside, they did a variety of jobs,\nalthough the most they could be paid was $19 a day. They could also hire themselves outside\nthe camp for farm labor. College-age students were also allowed to leave to pursue their\neducations.\n13\n\n�Group of Internees, Poston, Arizona, ca. 1942-1946\n\nSome did leave the camps and resettle in the interior of the United States. One survey quoted\nin Marshall and Johnson's book found that only 33.4 percent of the Watsonville Japanese had\nreturned by 1946. Some, such as the Shikuma and Sakata families, went to Colorado and\nOregon to farm.\nHowever, many chose not to leave. This was partially due to the questionnaire that had to be\nsigned prior to leaving the camp, which became known as the \"Yes-Yes-No-No\" form, which\nasked about the person's loyalty to the United States.\nThose who answered the loyalty questions with \"No\" were sent to Tule Lake, the maximum\nsecurity center, which also served as a prison for those Japanese who had failed to register for\nthe draft. The loyalty questions proved horribly divisive for many Japanese families, according\nto Nakano.\nIn the spring of 1944, Executive Order 9066 was rescinded, and the loyal Japanese were finally\nallowed to go home. By the end of 1945, the camps had closed. But for the Issei and Nisei,\nthere was no closing the door on the pain and bitterness they felt for the wasted years in camp.\nSome Japanese did repatriate and move back to Japan. Even so, most chose to stay in the\nUnited States and to remake their lives there. By 1949, more than 57,000 had returned to the\nWest Coast.\n\n14\n\n�Chapter 4\nA Time to Reflect: 1945 to Present [1992]\nThe Issei had come to the Pajaro Valley with dreams of a new land where they could prosper.\nNow, after the war, they and their children had to put the pieces of the broken dream back\ntogether.\nAccording to Kazuko Nakane's book, some found their belongings, which had been stored by\nchurches or trusted neighbors, while others discovered their homes in disarray, their things\nstolen or broken. There was prejudice on the part of some Caucasians, while others welcomed\nthe return of the Japanese with open arms.\nThe Watsonville Buddhist Temple, which was closed during the war years, reopened in 1945 as\na hostel for the evacuees returning to the area. The Rev. Yoshio Iwanaga, who had been placed\nat the Poston II camp and continued to hold religious ceremonies there, also returned to his\nchurch in 1945. He was not only the minister but also hostel administrator.\nIt took several years, but the lives of the Japanese slowly returned to normal. For the most part,\nthe farmers went back to farming, and once again the valley bloomed. Strawberry production\nhad dropped to almost nothing during the war years, but by 1953 was stronger than ever, with\nalmost 800 acres devoted to that crop, according to Johnson and Marshall.\nThe Nisei married and began to have their own children. Many Nisei men and women found\nexpanded job opportunities after the war. Previously, the Japanese had been hired mainly as\nlaborers and domestics. But afterward, a variety of positions opened up for the bettereducated, who became doctors, dentists, lawyers, teachers and businesspeople. Popular\nchoices of business included nurseries, florists, dry cleaners, food stores and hotels.\nThe Watsonville Citizens League once again became active. Formed as a social club in 1934, it\nbecame politicized by the events of the war. In 1947, a group of Nisei men met to reactivate the\nleague and to pledge its commitment to community service. During 1948-49, the WCL provided\naid to returning evacuees, helping them file claims for losses and assisting those who needed to\nre-register to vote.\nIn 1949, according to Sandy Lydon, the WCL officially became a chapter of the national\nJapanese American Citizens League, and changed its name to reflect that. The Japan Society,\nwhich had been the Issei service group, acknowledged the change in leadership and passed its\ntorch to the Nisei by deeding the younger group its property on Union Street.\nIn [1956], 1 California's Alien Land Law was repealed by popular vote. [It had been declared\nunconstitutional in 1952 by the California Supreme Court in Fujii v. State of California. 2] A\ncampaign mounted in the late '40s and early '50s by the JACL (in which the Watsonville chapter\ntook an active role) culminated in the passage of the Walter-McCarran Immigration and\nNaturalization Act in 1952, over the veto of President Harry Truman. This law allowed the Issei\nto become naturalized citizens. By then, most of the original immigrants were in their 60s and\n15\n\n�70s, but even so, dutifully attended citizenship classes, took the test and were sworn in as U.S.\ncitizens, according to The Continuing Traditions: Japanese Americans, The Story of a People,\npublished by the Sacramento History Museum.\nAs time went on, the Japanese American sacrifices during the war were acknowledged, first by\nPresident Gerald Ford in 1976 with a proclamation titled \"The American Promise.\" He stated in\nit that, \"We know now what we should have known then - not only was the evacuation wrong,\nbut Japanese Americans were and are loyal Americans.\"\nIn 1980, the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians was established by\nact of Congress. The commission conducted hearings, heard testimony from more than 750\nwitnesses and examined more than 10,000 documents. In 1983, the commission ruled that the\nevacuation and internment were unjustified, and was the result of \"race prejudice, war\nhysteria, and a failure of political leadership.\"\nThe commission estimated the total loss in 1983 dollars to be between $810 and $2 billion,\nalthough other sources say the losses may be as high as $6 billion. This accounts for damages\nand losses to businesses, disruption of careers, and long-term loss of income, earnings and\nopportunity.\nThe commission also decided that the government owed Japanese Americans an apology as\nwell as redress for their losses. A fund was set up by Congress for this purpose.\nPresident Ronald Reagan finally signed the Redress Bill on Aug. 10, 1988, and each surviving\nevacuee - about 60,000 across the United States - received $20,000.\nToday in the Pajaro Valley, the Issei are gone, but their spirit lives on through three generations\nof descendants.\nMuch of the Japanese social life still revolves around the Watsonville Buddhist Temple and the\nWestview Presbyterian Church. Both have done much to keep Japanese traditions alive in the\nPajaro Valley.\nThe Buddhist Temple has been the umbrella for a wide variety of activities. The temple has\nsponsored Cub Scout, Boy Scout and Explorer troops since 1924, according to The Seventy-fifth\nAnniversary, 1906-1981: Watsonville Buddhist Temple.\nUnder the auspices of the temple, there are also groups such as the Fujinkai, a women's service\norganization, as well as several Buddhist associations and a Dharma school. Classes are held to\nteach ikebana, the art of flower arrangement, and the Japanese tea ceremony. There are also\nkendo (a martial art), camera and gardening clubs.\nMany of the Christian Japanese attend Westview Presbyterian Church. The church began as a\nmission in 1898 and continues to carry on that tradition with a variety of community projects.\nAmong their benificiaries are the Second Harvest Food Bank, the Pajaro Valley Shelter and\ndisaster victims in all parts of the country. Currently, the church is raising funds to help\nhurricane victims in Hawaii and the South.\n\n16\n\n�Active church organizations include the men's fellowship group, the women's society and a\nservice group called JOY (Jesus, Others and You).\nWestview, the Buddhist Temple and the JACL all provide funds for the Kokoro Nagakko, the\nJapanese school based at the temple. The school provides students with knowledge about the\nJapanese culture, and is open to students of all races.\nThe Watsonville Japanese American Citizens League continues to be active as well. In 1984, the\nWatsonville JACL, along with chapters from Salinas, Monterey, Gilroy and San Benito County,\nco-sponsored the placement of a plaque at the Salinas Rodeo Grounds. The plaque reads:\nThis monument is dedicated to the 3,586\nMonterey Bay area residents of Japanese ancestry,\nmost of whom were American citizens, temporarily\nconfined in the Salinas Rodeo Grounds during\nWorld War II, from April to July 1942. They were\ndetained without charges, trial or establishment of\nguilt before being incarcerated in permanent\ncamps, mostly at Poston, Arizona. May such\ninjustice and humiliation never recur.\nMonument to Monterey Bay Area Residents\nAnd in 1992, the Nisei achieved another milestone Detained in Salinas in 1942\nin their recognition. Fifty years earlier, they were\nsupposed to receive diplomas from Watsonville High School, but could not because they were\nin the Salinas camp. On June 13, thirteen of them were handed their diplomas in a special\nceremony.\nThe local JACL was instrumental in gathering funds in 1965 for the new Watsonville hospital,\nand also raised all the money needed to buy a building for the league. They have also done\nmuch to help the Issei in their old age, establishing the Kizuka senior center and providing\nactivities for them.\nThe Nisei are now seniors themselves, and the Sansei are picking up where they left off. And\nthe children of the Sansei, the Yonsei, will eventually leave their mark on the Pajaro Valley as\nwell.\nIt has been a long, hard journey, but at last the Japanese Americans can truly call the Pajaro\nValley their home.\n\nEditor’s Notes\n1. The date of 1948, originally given in this publication is incorrect. The correct date is 1956.\nSource: Okutsu, James. \"Asian Land Laws.\" Asian American Encyclopedia. Marshall Cavendish,\n1995. Vol. 1, p.18.\n2. Ibid.\n17\n\n�Issei\nThe first generation. The Issei were born in Japan. Most immigrated to the United States\nbetween 1890 and 1915\nNisei\nThe second generation, the children of the Issei. American citizens by birth, almost all Nisei\nwere born before World War II\nSansei\nThe third generation of Americans with Japanese ancestry, most Sansei were born during or\nafter World War II\nYonsei\nThe fourth generation, the children of the Sansei\nGosei\nThe fifth generation\n\n18\n\n�BIBLIOGRAPHY\nIwata, Masakazu, \"The Japanese Immigrants in California\nAgriculture,” Agricultural History, v. 36, Oct. 1962: 25-37.\nJohnson, Eleanor, in collaboration with Opal Marshall, The\nJapanese and Japanese-Americans in the Pajaro Valley.\nWatsonville, Calif., Japanese American Citizens League, 1967.\nLydon, Sandy, A Half-Century of Service; The Watsonville Japanese\nAmerican Citizens League - 1934-1984. Watsonville, Calif., JACL,\n1984.\nNakane, Kazuko, Nothing Left in My Hands; An Early Japanese\nAmerican Community in California's Pajaro Valley. Seattle, Young\nPine Press, 1985.\nNakano, Mei T., Japanese American Women; Three Generations\n1890-1990. San Francisco, National Japanese American Historical\nSociety; and Berkeley, Mina Press Publishing, 1990.\n\nU.S. Army WWI Issei\nVolunteer from the\nPajaro Valley, 1918\n\nSacramento History Museum. The Continuing Traditions: Japanese Americans, the Story of a\nPeople, Sacramento, Calif., 1992.\nU.S. Immigration Commission. Reports, vol. 24. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,\n1911b: 431-451.\nWestview Presbyterian Church, The Seventy-fifth Anniversary of Mission Work in Watsonville,\nCalifornia. Oct. 28, 1973.\nWestview Presbyterian Church, Nisei Christian Journey: Its Promise and Fulfillment, Vol. II,\nWatsonville, Calif., 1983.\nWilhelm, Stephen and Sagen, James E., A History of the Strawberry; From Ancient Gardens to\nModern Markets. University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, 1974.\nWatsonville Buddhist Temple, 60th Anniversary 1905-1966, 1966; and 75th Anniversary 19061981, 1981; Watsonville, Calif.\n\nSource\nNihon Bunka = Japanese Culture; one hundred years in the Pajaro Valley. It was published by the\nPajaro Valley Arts Council in conjunction with the Council's 1992 exhibition of the same name.\nThe text is published on the Library's Web site with the permission of the Council. Photographs\nare courtesy of Bill Tao. Copyright 1992, Pajaro Valley Arts Council.\nIt is the library’s intent to provide accurate information, however, it is not possible for the library\nto completely verify the accuracy of all information. If you believe that factual statements in a\nlocal history article are incorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library.\n\n19\n\n�"]]]]]]]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"8"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123576"},["text","Santa Cruz History Articles"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123577"},["text","Original articles by library staff and by local authors and material from historical books. "]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264219"},["text","Articles on Santa Cruz County history, many with illustrations, are available here.\r\n\r\nThe Santa Cruz Public Libraries is grateful to our local historians and their publishers for giving permission to include their articles. The content of the articles is the responsibility of the individual authors.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264220"},["text","It is the library's intent to provide accurate information. However, it is not possible to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a variety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in an article are incorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264216"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries\r\n"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"1"},["name","Document"],["description","A resource containing textual data. 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Published by the Pajaro Valley Arts Council in conjunction with the Council's 1992 exhibition of the same name. "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1894263"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1894264"},["text","1992"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1894265"},["text","Santa Cruz (County)"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1894266"},["text","Pajaro Valley"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1894267"},["text","Text"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1894268"},["text","En"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1894269"},["text","ARTICLE"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1894271"},["text","Published with the permission of the Council. Photographs are courtesy of Bill Tao. Copyright 1992, Pajaro Valley Arts Council."]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"32"},["name","Agriculture"]],["tag",{"tagId":"38"},["name","County at War"]],["tag",{"tagId":"22"},["name","Minority Groups"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"130741","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"13845"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/45b78e7b5309ee5dede50d1182ac03bf.pdf"],["authentication","0c3b4da062aaaa9d9e0cefb74dd24956"],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"7"},["name","PDF Text"],["description"],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"94"},["name","Text"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1894877"},["text","An Overview of Ohlone Culture\nBy Robert Cartier\n\nIn the 16th century, (prior to the arrival of the Spaniards), over 10,000 Indians lived in the central California coastal areas\nbetween Big Sur and the Golden Gate of San Francisco Bay. This group of Indians consisted of approximately forty\ndifferent tribelets ranging in size from 100–250 members, and was scattered throughout the various ecological regions\nof the greater Bay Area (Kroeber, 1953). They did not consider themselves to be a part of a larger tribe, as did wellknown Native American groups such as the Hopi, Navaho, or Cheyenne, but instead functioned independently of one\nanother. Each group had a separate, distinctive name and its own leader, territory, and customs. Some tribelets were\naffiliated with neighbors, but only through common boundaries, inter-tribal marriage, trade, and general linguistic\naffinities. (Margolin, 1978).\nWhen the Spaniards and other explorers arrived, they were amazed at the variety and diversity of the tribes and\nlanguages that covered such a small area. In an attempt to classify these Indians into a large, encompassing group, they\nreferred to the Bay Area Indians as \"Costenos,\" meaning \"coastal people.\" The name eventually changed to\n\"Coastanoan\" (Margolin, 1978). The Native American Indians of this area were referred to by this name for hundreds of\nyears until descendants chose to call themselves Ohlones (origination uncertain).\nUtilizing hunting and gathering technology, the Ohlone relied on the relatively substantial supply of natural plant and\nanimal life in the local environment. With the exception of the dog, we know of no plants or animals domesticated by\nthe Ohlone. Some plant species were, however, cultured by deliberate pruning, burning, and reseeding that encouraged\nthe growth of selected plants for use as food, herbs, medicines, and manufacturing in their material culture.\nPlants utilized by the Ohlone cover a wide range of grasses, shrubs, and tree forms, but the mainstays in the daily diet\ncan be narrowed down to a few major examples. Acorns were probably the most important of the plant foods, with\ntanbark oak, black oak, valley oak, and coastal live oak supplying the acorn meal that came to be predominant in the\nOhlone diet. Other plants recorded as being part of the diet included: buckeye and laurel nuts, and the seeds of dock,\ntarweed, chia, holly leaf cherry, and digger pine. Among the berries gathered and consumed are blackberries,\nelderberries, gooseberries. and madrone berries. Roots, shoots, and the bark of a number of other plants were also used\nas food and herbs.\nHunting, trapping, and in some cases, poisoning game were common pursuits for most of the adult males in Ohlone\nculture. Larger game animals that were hunted included deer, elk, bear, and antelope, with whale, sea lion, otter, and\nseal also being hunted on the coast. Smaller animals that were occasionally eaten included rabbits, tree and ground\nsquirrels, rats, skunks, mice, moles, dogs, snakes, and lizards. Many species of birds were hunted or trapped; among\nthese were geese, ducks, doves, robins, quail, and hawks. Along the major freshwater ways on the coast, fish were a\nregular food item. The more important fish included steelhead trout, salmon, sturgeon, and lampreys. Shellfish were\n\n1\n\n�extremely important to the Ohlone. For the people who lived near Monterey and San Francisco bays, the most\ncommonly eaten shellfish were mussels, abalone, clams, oysters, and hornshell from the tidelands.\nA few animals were never eaten by some or all of the Ohlone, apparently for religious or supernatural reasons. These\ncreatures included eagles, owls, ravens, buzzards, frogs, and toads.\nWe see reflected in the subsistence patterns and the food available, the development of specialized tools for food\nacquisition. The tools and diagnostic pathologies in the skeletal remains of Ohlones encountered in burials allude to this.\nGrinding implements such as mortars, pestles, metates, and manos substantiate the manner of acorn and other seed\nprocessing. Scrapers, drills, and knives fashioned from sharp stones indicate the working of skins and vegetable\nmaterials, whereas dart and arrow points were used for hunting and warfare. Anatomical patterns displayed in skeletal\nremains are frequently found as dental wear (i.e. extreme abrading of teeth from the sand in stone-ground food), or\npathologies in the long bones caused by periodic starvation.\nThe Ohlones were skilled in crafts and made useful and aesthetically pleasing tools, weapons, and items of adornment.\nThey made projectile points, scrapers, and knives from Monterey—banded and Franciscan chert, obsidian, and other\nhard-substance rocks. They also used bone, shell, and wood for much of their material culture (Heizer and Whipple,\n1971).\nFinely cut, chiseled, and polished shells were turned into beautifully designed necklaces, pendants, and earrings; they\nwere also applied to belts, baskets, and clothing. Feathers were used in great quantities in the making of cloaks, headdresses, belts, and baskets.\nHighly informative to the archaeologist are the trading patterns that occurred in Ohlone culture. They have left a tale of\nmovement and interaction over central California, and even the West Coast. Several hundred different types of trade\nitems have been documented for California Indians and discussed in the categories of food, beads and ornaments,\nhousehold wares, clothing and attire, raw materials, finished articles, and miscellaneous goods (Heizer, 1978). Shell and\nshell beads were the most frequently reported trade items by native informants (Davis, 1974). The shell trade items\nindicate extensive trade networks from central coastal California to as far as the Great Basin of Nevada, where a string of\nOlivella beads dating to 8,600 B.P. was found. Specific sizes and shapes of shell artifacts are so standard for Ohlone and\nother cultures in California that they prove to be sensitive time markers when found in an archaeological context.\nAnother important trade item to the Ohlone was the highly coveted cinnabar which was quarried at the New Almaden\narea of Santa Clara County. Cinnabar expeditions came from as far away as Walla Walla, Washington to trade or fight for\nthe prized pigment. Mission records from Mission Santa Clara note that the Indians of Santa Cruz and Santa Clara\nseemed to have been fighting incessantly over the rights to the cinnabar deposit. In 1841, Indians from Tulare and\nSacramento came as a regular cinnabar expedition to the quarry and one of the intruders was killed by the Santa Clara\nOhlones.\nIncluded in other important trade goods imported or exported in Ohlone culture were abalone shells, projectile points,\nobsidian, dogs, tobacco, hides, bows, baskets, salt, acorns, and fish (Davis, 1974).\nEight social groups in the lands of the Ohlone were separately distinguished ethnic units. Contrasts in dialect or\nlanguage, customs of dress and ornamentation, particular religious beliefs, kinship patterns, and to some degree,\nsubsistence mainstay distinguish these units. From north to south, the eight subethnic groups recognized in\nprotohistoric times were the Karkin, Chochenyo, Ramaytush, Tamyen, Awaswas, Mutsin, Rumsen, and the Chalon.\nFrom the studies of Levy (1970), we arrive at the following estimated populations for the eight Ohlone groupings as of\n1770.\n\n2\n\n�Subgroups or Language Groupings\n\nLocation\n\nEstimated\nPopulation\n\nKarkin\n\nSouth edge of Carquinez Strait\n\n200\n\nChochenyo\n\nEast of San Francisco Bay, Livermore\nValley, Mission San Jose\n\n2,000\n\nRamaytush\n\nSan Mateo and San Francisco\nCounties\n\n1,400\n\nTamyen\n\nSouth San Francisco Bay and Santa\nClara Valley\n\n1,200\n\nAwaswas\n\nBetween Davenport and Aptos in\nSanta Cruz\n\n600\n\nMutsun\n\nPajaro River drainage\n\n2,700\n\nRumsen\n\nLower Carmel, Salinas, and Sur\nRivers\n\n800\n\nChalon\n\nUpper Salinas Drainage\n\n900\n\nPopulation and Location of Ohlone in 1770 A.D.\n\nIn the vicinity of the Alma-Adobe site and CA-SC1-1, the language group at the time of missionary contact would have\nbeen the Ramaytush. From information available, we may also assume that the particular tribelet at the site was the\nPuichun.\nOhlone culture is seen in this ethnographic sketch as a world in which the people had a close physical and psychological\nbond to the environment and to the customs of a small society. For some village members, their entire existence might\nbe spent within a radius of ten to fifteen miles of their natal village. Each rock, spring, tree, and creek was known\nintimately. A heritage of thousands of years lay under the Ohlones' feet as most of the major villages contained deep\ndeposits, built from the debris of daily life, that sealed the remains of the Ohlone past. The ethnographic story of the\nOhlone is occasionally rich with knowledge about a life that was so incredibly different from the civilization that now\nstands in its stead; while on the other hand it is an incomplete story, or only a rough outline, with gaps as yet\nundiscovered and untold.\n\n3\n\n�Sources\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article is an excerpt, originally called \"Ethnographic Background\", from a 1991 report titled, The Santa's\nVillage Site CA-SCr=239. This report was the result of an archaeological dig by the Field Methods in\nArchaeology Class of De Anza College, which was led by Robert Cartier. The report was prepared by Robert\nCartier with Laurie Crane, Cynthia James, Jon Reddington, and Allika Ruby. RAP-ed. Copyright 1991 Robert\nCartier. Reproduced by permission of Robert Cartier. The other sources are references from that article.\nDavis, J.T. Trade Routes and Economic Exchange Among the Indians of California\". California Publications of\nArchaeology, Ethnography, and History, No.3. Ramona: Ballena Press, 1974.\nHeizer, R.F., ed. Handbook of North American Indians: California, Vol. 8. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian\nInstitution, 1978.\nHeizer, R.F. and M.A. Whipple. The California Indians, a Source Book. Second Ed. Berkeley: University of\nCalifornia Press, 1971.\nKroeber, Alfred L. Handbook of Indians of California. Berkeley: California Book Company, Ltd., 1953.\nLevy, R. \"Coastoan Internal Relationships\". Paper presented to the Ninth Conference on American Indian\nLanguages, San Diego; Manuscript in Levy's possession.\nMargolin, M. The Ohlone Way—Indian Life in the San Francisco Monterey Bay Area. Berkeley: Heyday Books,\n1978.\n\nThe content of this article is the responsibility of the individual author. It is the Library's intent to provide accurate local history\ninformation. However, it is not possible for the Library to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a\nvariety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are incorrect and can provide documentation,\nplease contact the Webmaster.\n\n4\n\n�"]]]]]]]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"8"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123576"},["text","Santa Cruz History Articles"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123577"},["text","Original articles by library staff and by local authors and material from historical books. "]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264219"},["text","Articles on Santa Cruz County history, many with illustrations, are available here.\r\n\r\nThe Santa Cruz Public Libraries is grateful to our local historians and their publishers for giving permission to include their articles. The content of the articles is the responsibility of the individual authors.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264220"},["text","It is the library's intent to provide accurate information. However, it is not possible to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a variety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in an article are incorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264216"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries\r\n"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"1"},["name","Document"],["description","A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839907"},["text","Paper"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. 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The report was prepared by Robert Cartier with Laurie Crane, Cynthia James, Jon Reddington, and Allika Ruby. "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839909"},["text","Copyright 1991 Robert Cartier. Reproduced by permission of Robert Cartier."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839910"},["text","Native Americans"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839911"},["text","Ohlone"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839912"},["text","Cartier, Robert"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839913"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839914"},["text","1991"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839915"},["text","Text"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839916"},["text","En"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839917"},["text","ARTICLE"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839918"},["text","Santa Cruz (County)"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839919"},["text","California"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"22"},["name","Minority Groups"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"134579","public":"1","featured":"1"},["collection",{"collectionId":"3"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"109713"},["text","Local News Index"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"109714"},["text","An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840006"},["text","It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the Santa Cruz Sentinel, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.
Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.
In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from The Mountain Echo. The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see The Mountain Echo."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840007"},["text","Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - Ask Us.
\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1894645"},["text","While there is some overlap between this index and the Historic Newspaper Index (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839995"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"1"},["name","Document"],["description","A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"1"},["name","Text"],["description","Any textual data included in the document."],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904747"},["text","Only the possibility of serious harm to the nation could justify the compulsory uprooting of the thousands of American-born Japanese who are to be removed by the army from Pacific coast areas in which sabotage or aid to the enemy might be disastrous. The possibility did exist, and the presidential order for removal was imperatively needed. This is the opinion of calm thinkers who have the utmost regard for the civil rights of citizens.
\"Unprecedented\" is one of the terms of criticism voiced by the American Civil Liberties union. But unprecedented also is the residence in a vital combat zone of many thousands of American born individuals who are claimed as citizens by the country of their parents.
Few governments would have waited as long as the United States in trying to find a fair method of dealing with a section of the population so many of whom are open to suspicion as to their loyalty. For several weeks officials and ordinary citizens alike have sought a remedy that would preserve every peacetime right of every citizen and respect the undoubted fiction that the Japanese-American community on the Pacific coast was 100 per cent loyal.
Such a solution simply was not in the realm of possibilities. The presidential order, giving the army authority to evacuate all aliens or citizens deemed of doubtful trustworthiness in an emergency, is the only workable plan put forward.
Now that the order has been given, it should be made effective in the shortest possible time. Japanese-Americans and Japanese aliens too, should be moved to inland points where they can best prove their loyalty to the United States by following the calling in which so many of them are proficient, agriculture. Thus they may help fill a national need and at the same time be self-supporting.
At the war's end, those Japanese-Americans, or even their alien parents, who have clear records on the books of our war department, will have won higher standing as Americans than they have been able to attain under the burden of dual citizenship which the Japanese government has forced upon them.
Their acceptance of the present inconvenience and of the tasks assigned to them will be the best evidence of loyalty. Kindly, generous treatment of them in their new status and cooperation at all points with the army in its problem will similarly give evidence of the loyalty of Americans in general to free and honorable traditions.\"
"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904754"},["text","PAPER"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904737"},["text","LN-1942-03-05-888 "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904738"},["text","Watsonville Register-Pajaronian , page 5"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904739"},["text","1942-03-05"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904740"},["text","1940s"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904741"},["text","What Other Editors Say: Fair Treatment For Japanese"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904742"},["text","Wars-World War II"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904743"},["text","Evacuation (World War II)"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904744"},["text","Japanese American Community"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904745"},["text","Italian American Community"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904746"},["text","Christian Science Monitor"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904748"},["text","Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904749"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904750"},["text","TEXT"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904751"},["text","EN"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904752"},["text","NEWS"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1904753"},["text","DOCUMENT"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"38"},["name","County at War"]],["tag",{"tagId":"22"},["name","Minority Groups"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"134689","public":"1","featured":"1"},["collection",{"collectionId":"3"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"109713"},["text","Local News Index"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"109714"},["text","An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840006"},["text","It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the Santa Cruz Sentinel, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.
Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.
In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from The Mountain Echo. The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see The Mountain Echo."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840007"},["text","Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - Ask Us.
\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1894645"},["text","While there is some overlap between this index and the Historic Newspaper Index (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839995"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"1"},["name","Document"],["description","A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"1"},["name","Text"],["description","Any textual data included in the document."],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906625"},["text","To the Editor: Your insipid and practically anti-democratic editorial in Tuesday evenings paper (regarding return of Japanese) is a sickening display of shoddy thinking to the mind of at least one soldier who has now served his country for over three years.
I am including a clipping from the News and hope you may profit by reading an editor who believes in our constitution and rights to all citizens instead of vested groups.
Perhaps it is too much to expect realistic thinking, or should I say honest, from an appeasement mind.
Let me assure you many, many soldiers are thinking seriously and discussing thoughtfully the problems of our country. We know full well that our form of government has been the best to date, but we do know that it can be improved by group effort. Those of the status quo school, you come too close to this group to be very helpful, are in for a rude shock if they think the American soldier doesn't know what he is fighting for. We are fighting for equal rights for all races and groups; opportunity for all, not those hereditarily fortunate.
I will continue my subscription, though I have never been so furious with an editorial as the one you had the nerve to foist on your readers Tuesday evening.
Your critic for a more democratic country.
CLARENCE A. MAHLER
"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906632"},["text","PAPER"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906615"},["text","LN-1944-12-22-998 "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906616"},["text","Watsonville Register-Pajaronian , page -"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906617"},["text","1944-12-22"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906618"},["text","1940s"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906619"},["text","Disagrees On Japanese Issue
[Editorial]"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906620"},["text","Wars-World War II"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906621"},["text","Evacuation (World War II)"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906622"},["text","Japanese American Community"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906623"},["text","Italian American Community"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906624"},["text","Clarence A. Mahler"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906626"},["text","Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906627"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906628"},["text","TEXT"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906629"},["text","EN"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906630"},["text","NEWS"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1906631"},["text","DOCUMENT"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"38"},["name","County at War"]],["tag",{"tagId":"22"},["name","Minority Groups"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"134733","public":"1","featured":"1"},["collection",{"collectionId":"3"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"109713"},["text","Local News Index"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"109714"},["text","An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840006"},["text","It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the Santa Cruz Sentinel, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.
Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.
In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from The Mountain Echo. The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see The Mountain Echo."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840007"},["text","Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - Ask Us.
\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1894645"},["text","While there is some overlap between this index and the Historic Newspaper Index (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839995"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"1"},["name","Document"],["description","A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"1"},["name","Text"],["description","Any textual data included in the document."],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907382"},["text","Cpl. Jack E. Kirby of Freedom, captured by the Japs at the fall of Corregidor in May, 1942, and prisoner in various prison camps in the Philippines until Sept. 3, 1945, writes the following to the Register-Pajaronian:
\"Since my return from the prison camps, I have been noting with growing alarm the discrimination against Americans of Japanese ancestry in this area. I went to school in Watsonville from the seventh grade on with these Americans, ran around with them, and candidly state some of my best friends here are Japanese.
\"The difference in stature between the Japanese here and those over there is the difference between black and white. By stature, I mean not only shape and build but mind and motive as well. You undoubtedly know that outside of the American Indians, the Americans of Japanese ancestry have the highest percentage of volunteer record in our army. Why shouldn't I grant and fight for their equal opportunities.
\"One of the real problems this area is facing is that of labor. I am convinced we need American labor and American laborers should be given first opportunity. If that is the case, let's use it. By that I mean the Americans, regardless of ancestry, English, Swiss, Italians, Japanese. Some people have been propagandanized to the point where they have lost sight of the truth that we fought for and what some of my buddies died for. The statement in the paper last Saturday by a large number of fellows from Camp McQuaide thoroughly expresses my sentiments, too. If fellows who have gone through the hell of war and prison camps can express so positively this conviction, how can some ignorant, pseudo-Americans successfully raise their voices? Let's be Americans about this!
CPL. JACK E. KIRBY\"
"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907389"},["text","PAPER"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907372"},["text","LN-1945-10-11-1042"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907373"},["text","Watsonville Register-Pajaronian , page 6"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907374"},["text","1945-10-11"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907375"},["text","1940s"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907376"},["text","Cpl. Jack Kirby Decries Nisei Discrimination"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907377"},["text","Wars-World War II"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907378"},["text","Evacuation (World War II)"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907379"},["text","Japanese American Community"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907380"},["text","Italian American Community"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907381"},["text","Cpl. Jack E. Kirby"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907383"},["text","Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907384"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907385"},["text","TEXT"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907386"},["text","EN"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907387"},["text","NEWS"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1907388"},["text","DOCUMENT"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"38"},["name","County at War"]],["tag",{"tagId":"22"},["name","Minority Groups"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"3658","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"5228"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/62114ea3a135ff46c1aa148b1623f3b7.jpg"],["authentication","19ff3bd4ed1c44a9d3a437298ba83ac0"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"4"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. 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Please contact the library regarding the rights for reproduction."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839996"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"6"},["name","Still Image"],["description","A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. 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