1
10
236
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
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<p>HUGE COAST AREA HIT BY NEW REGULATIONS</p><p>Italian, Japanese, and German aliens in all of Santa Cruz county will be subjected to a 9 p.m. curfew and be permitted to travel only between their homes and jobs after Feb. 24.</p><p>Meantime, in connection with yesterday's local evacuation order, Thomas Clark, alien co-ordinator for the western defense command, indicated "farm colonies might be established for enemy aliens and their families ordered out of vital defense areas."</p><p>The new order, originating Wednesday from the office of Attorney General Francis Biddle, includes a broader territory than the previous restricted area west of State Highway No. 1, from which all such aliens must evacuate by Feb. 24.</p><p>The curfew restrictions are:</p><p>1. Between the hours of 9 p.m. and 6 a.m. all enemy aliens shall be within the place of residence indicated on their identification certificates.</p><p>2. At all other times they must be found only at the place of residence or employment indicated on their identification certificates, or going between these two places, or within an area of not more than five miles from the place of residence.</p><p>ARREST</p><p>Biddle said an enemy alien found during the curfew hours anywhere except at his home or place of employment would be subject to immediate arrest and internment.</p><p>He said exceptions would be granted by U.S. attorneys only in cases "where a compelling reason exists and after completion of a suitable investigation."</p><p>A large portion of California is affected by this latest ruling.</p><p>Biddle announced also that certain alien enemies may be excluded entirely from the restricted areas whenever the justice department deems such action necessary.</p><p>In this connection he called upon police or other persons in Santa Cruz, as well as other communities, in possession of information concerning enemy aliens whose presence within a restricted area might endanger the national security, to turn this information over to the federal bureau of investigation.</p><p>Clark also said instructions would be given the aliens shortly regarding disposition of themselves and their families after they leave the restricted defense area. He said federal agencies were ready to extend relief to such families if and when needed.</p><p>He did not indicate concerning the possibility of farm colonies whether they would be established in interior California or in some other states. Governor Culbert Olson said he did not believe there would be any mass exodus to states in the interior.</p><p>The proscribed area, about 500 miles long and varying from 30 to 150 miles in width, extends from the Oregon border along the coast line to a point about 50 miles north of Los Angeles.</p><p>Biddle explained that the restricted area does not extend south to the Mexican border because no recommendations for such action in southern sections of California had been received yet from the war department.</p><p>In addition, Biddle designated 11 more "restricted" areas in which enemy aliens must obey the curfew regulations. These were in the vicinity of hydro-electric generating plants throughout California.</p><p>In addition to the restricted areas, Biddle has established 86 prohibited areas in California. Enemy aliens must completely evacuate 69 of these areas by Feb. 15 and the other 17 by Feb. 24.</p><p>The extensive coastline region designated as "restricted Area No. 1" has an eastern boundary beginning at a point in Siskiyou county where U.S. Highway No. 99 crosses into Oregon. The boundary then juts west and south generally along the lines of the Klamath and Trinity rivers, approximately to the town of Redwood Valley, in Mendocino county.</p><p>CLEAR LAKE</p><p>At that point the boundary swings eastward just north of Clear Lake to Marysville, and then turns south, passing east of Sacramento and Stockton, and thence to a point just north of Maricopa.</p><p>The southern boundary of the area follows the line delineating the northern and southern California military sectors, which runs eastward from a point on the coast near the boundary between San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties.</p><p>The other restricted areas designated today include property extending form 300 to 500 feet in any direction from the following hydro-electric generating plants of the Pacific Gas and Electric Co.: Hat Creek No. 1 and No. 2, and the Coleman plant, all in Shasta county; the De Salba plant, Butte county; the Colgate plant, Yuba county; the Spaulding No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 plants in Nevada and Placer counties; the Halsey plant, Placer county, and the Weise plant, Placer county.</p><p>The area within 500 feet in any direction from the Big Creek hydro-electric generating plant of the California Electric Pacific Co., located seven miles north of Bishop in Mono county, also was restricted.</p><p>Meantime, Donald Younger appealed to Governor Olson to use his influence toward creation of a federal agency to pass upon aliens "who might be given permits to continue working on ranches," under management of American citizens.</p><p>Younger's efforts are aimed, it was explained, to prevent disruption of important farming industries in this county and elsewhere along the coast.</p><p>HUGE ACREAGE</p><p>Explaining that Italian-Americans engaged in production of artichokes, brussels sprouts, broccoli, and other vegetables, occupy approximately 3500 acres of coastal land in Santa Cruz county, Younger said that the exclusion of such farmers from this region would result in serious financial and agricultural loss, in a night letter to the governor last Saturday.</p><p>In reply, the governor wired: "...I believe that farmers of Italian lineage who have not yet become citizens of the United States, but are thoroughly loyal to this country in its war with Italy, will not be disturbed in carrying on their agricultural production work. Press report had reference to denial of licenses to alien enemy produce distributors who, as such licensees, are given access to Army and Navy reserves and other vital defense areas. About seventy-five per cent of such licensees happen to be Japanese and the greater part of them are alien Japanese.</p><p>"As to all who are classified as alien enemies, careful surveys will be made and census taken so as to protect the innocent and the loyal from whom no sabotage or fifth column activities could spring. They will be given an opportunity to demonstrate their loyalty to the United States."</p><p>CHEERED BY ANSWER</p><p>Cheered by the governor's reply, Younger wired yesterday:</p><p>"Santa Cruz county Italian-American farmers, including American citizens employing aliens and aliens who are loyal to United States but neglected naturalization, were greatly heartened tonight by your telegram.</p><p>"United States attorney general Monday, announced fifteen additional areas in which enemy aliens will be excluded. Number 28 included land between state highway No. 1 and Pacific ocean or Monterey bay from Laguna creek, northerly of Santa Cruz, to Carmel river, Monterey county. This includes most of the acreage in Santa Cruz county that is farmed by Italian-Americans, much of which is not near any defense installation. It also includes major portion of Santa Cruz, including business area, but excluding reservoirs and public utility plants.</p><p>"Tuesday's Washington dispatches indicate no exceptions to alien evacuation orders, which is well for areas such as Camp McQuaide, Santa Cruz county, and Fort Ord, Monterey county, but would be hard on Santa Cruz county, which needs vegetables now produced by Italian-Americans.</p><p>"Santa Cruz coast farmers wonder if Attorney General Biddle could not approve of some federal agency, perhaps not even connected with the United States department of agriculture, or some state agency, appointing voluntary, independent committee in each county to pass upon or recommend aliens who might be given permits to continue working on ranches, perhaps providing ranches must be managed by a citizen. Bond or other security might even be required before issuance of such permit. Believe such a committee or commission and bond authorized under section 21 of title 50 of the United States Code."</p>
Original Format
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PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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LN-1942-02-04-870
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<i>Santa Cruz Sentinel-News, Evening Edition</i> , page 1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1942-02-04
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1940s
Title
A name given to the resource
'Curfew' Hits All Local Aliens
Subject
The topic of the resource
Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
Italian American Community
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyrighted by the Santa Cruz Sentinel-News, Evening Edition. Reproduced by permission.
Publisher
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
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TEXT
Language
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EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
County at War
Minority Groups
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
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<p>(In San Francisco News) A Japanese-American is an American citizen of Japanese racial extraction. He is a citizen because he was born in the United States. A Japanese born outside of this country can not be a citizen by naturalization.</p><p>But under the 14th amendment to the constitution any person born in the United States is an American citizen by the mere fact of birth here. This amendment was incorporated in the constitution a few years after the Civil war to reaffirm the citizenship of the emancipated colored people.</p><p>The war between America and Japan revealed the attitude of the American government and people towards the Japanese-American. Without challenging his citizenship or casting a blanket charge against his loyalty, they believed that his close association with the alien Japanese both here and in Japan made him a potential danger to the security of this country.</p><p>Therefore, as a war measure his residence, movements, and activities were placed under restriction and supervision. This action was held to be a protection for the majority from a group so regarded as was the Japanese-American as well as a protection for the group itself at a time when public feeling against it ran high and when the government must prevent all internal dissensions.</p><p>The liberal and minority groups in this country made only perfunctory protests against the Japanese-American segregation, making it clear, however, that fundamental constitutional principles were not involved in the case and recognizing, moreover, that when public safety so requires the constitution itself authorizes the temporary suspension of personal civil rights like the right of habeas corpus.</p><p>These are stern realities.They happened here. And there is no guarantee that they will not happen again in other forms. The loyalty of the majority of the Japanese-Americans manifested chiefly by their acquiescence in the plans of the American government for them was generally considered as strictly formal and was not enough to allay the suspicion of potential disloyalty that clung and still clings around them as a group. The patriotic service of some of them in the armed forces of the United States was completely neutralized by the disloyalty openly and proudly expressed by not a few of them at the Government relocation centers.</p><p>When peace comes, the Japanese-American can not again be really happy here. He will always have to deliver more than sixteen ounces to every pound in whatever he does or says. He will be enveloped in an atmosphere of silent hostility. He will feel keenly like a foreigner in the country of his birth as often, in his spiritual life, he must feel as keenly like a deserter from the country of his fathers. He needs to be in his elements to be natural and Japan seems to be the best place for him.</p><p>These things belong to the realm of the spirit and are deep and abiding, and man-made laws will effect an amelioration but not their elimination. "It is one of those things" and it will remain so. All in all, the Japanese-Americans as well as the other American citizens would be happier if they didn't continue the grandiose fiction that they feel towards each other like fellow citizens whose rights and privileges are sacredly equal when in the domain of realities they are not.</p><p>So, after the war, with hard lessons learned and new duties beckoning, I would do the following things if I were a Japanese-American citizen who had to live in a relocation center during the war by order of the American government and with the approval of the American people:</p><p>1. I would overlook the legal and/or legalistic considerations surrounding my American citizenship and its treatment while the emergency of war lasted.</p><p>2. I would remember the fact, without admitting that I am a slacker, that I wasn't required by the government to risk my life in the war while other American citizens were so required with the result that many of them were wounded, shocked or killed.</p><p>3. I would thank God that I am still in the land of the living and thank the American government for returning my property to me and taking care of it while the war was in progress.</p><p>4. I would intensify my feeling of gratitude for the United States for the opportunity in pre-war times to have lived, worked and prospered under its flag, the result of all of which was to make me more useful to myself, my family and my fellowmen.</p><p>5. I would be grateful to those Americans who sympathized with my fate but could do nothing in the emergency as well as to those, including public officials, who protected those of my rights that did not impinge upon the security of the nation at war.</p><p>6. I would go to Japan with my family and my savings armed with the determination to show to the Japanese people, by precept and example, the way of life that has made the American people free, contented, prosperous and peace-loving.</p><p>7. I would use my savings, my experience and my enthusiasm to start business enterprises in Japan to give employment to people and help in the post-war reconstruction of the country. (The Japanese assets in the United States are approximately 150 million dollars, which would be a sizeable block of capital in impoverished Japan.)</p><p>8. I would appeal to Japanese in other parts of the world, especially in Latin America, to follow my example and go to Japan to help rebuild it materially and regenerate it spiritually. (In Latin America there are some 250,000 Japanese, while in the United States, including Hawaii, there are some 300,000 both citizens and aliens).</p><p>9. I would strive in every way possible to establish peaceful, friendly and beneficial relations between the land of my birth - the United States and the land of my fathers - Japan.</p><p>10. I would do these things cheerfully and resolutely after knowing what I have known and after satisfying myself that I could do something to help the land of my fathers to abandon its medieval ideas and to realize its enlightened role in the orderly progress of mankind.</p><p>11. Finally, I would hold the foregoing expressions as my acceptance of the challenge to what is noblest and strongest in me and as my contribution to the reconstitution of moral and material values that must be at the foundation of the new world, humbled, purified and reconciled."</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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LN-1945-04-10-1011
Source
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<i>Watsonville Register-Pajaronian</i> , page 5
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1945-04-10
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1940s
Title
A name given to the resource
'If I Were A Japanese-American'
Subject
The topic of the resource
Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
Italian American Community
Creator
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Vincente Villamin
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission.
Publisher
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
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TEXT
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
County at War
Minority Groups
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
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<p>SALINAS (Special to Register-Pajaronian) - The Monterey Bay Empire, which takes in Monterey, San Benito and Santa Cruz counties, has a serious question facing it, as the Japanese begin to return to this area. Sincere, unselfish, unprejudiced, thinking and planning is necessary to the proper solution of this question. Prominent, patriotic citizens have been meeting for months in dispassionate discussion, keeping principally in mind the future generations in the United States of America, particularly the Pacific coast states.</p><p>This group is filing articles of incorporation, associating themselves under the name of "Monterey Bay Council on Japanese Relations," and will invite all citizens in the area to join the organization, and extend a special invitation to those citizens who might feel opposed to some of their contemplated plans and actions "for in America we can have opposing ideas and still get along together," its leaders say.</p><p>No one knows for a certainty what is the correct thing to do in all instances when such a large important question is under consideration, it was declared.</p><p>The articles of incorporation include a statement of the general purposes of the organization, which reads as follows:</p><p>"1. To conduct by all proper and lawful means an educational program regarding the background, history, pre-war activities and future disposition of Japanese in the United States of America.</p><p>"2. To exercise all legal means: (a) To discourage the return to the Pacific coast of any person of Japanese ancestry not in the uniform of the armed services of the United States. (b) To insist upon the deportation after the war of all alien Japanese whose loyalty to the United States or whose past affiliation or actions have demonstrated interest inimical to the welfare of the United States. (c) To insist upon the strict supervision, and regulation by local, state and federal government of all Japanese schools, societies and organizations in this country. (d) To promote further legislation and insist upon strict enforcement of existing laws so as to completely eliminate dual citizenship. (e) To strengthen and demand strict enforcement of the existing Japanese alien land laws."</p><p>Mass meetings are planned for the near future, and all of the activities of the organization will be open to the public at all times. The Monterey Bay Council on Japanese Relations headquarters are 601 Salinas National Bank building, Salinas."</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
LN-1945-02-02-1006
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<i>Watsonville Register-Pajaronian</i> , page 1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1945-02-02
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1940s
Title
A name given to the resource
'Monterey Bay Council On Japanese Relations' Tells Stand, Invites Memberships
Subject
The topic of the resource
Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
Italian American Community
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
TEXT
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
County at War
Minority Groups
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
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<p>Sacramento (UP) - Gov. Earl Warren Tuesday signed the Engle bill (SB140) putting more "teeth" into the Alien Land Law of 1920 designed to prevent Japanese from farming in the manner they used before the war.</p><p>The new act outlaws the practice of many alien Japanese of farming by acting as guardians of their wives and children in whom title was vested under the law governing guardianship. It prevents any agreement made in the name of the wife or children of an ineligible alien for the use or transfer of land when the alien himself is allowed thereunder to enjoy beneficial use of the land.</p><p>Any violation of the act is a felony whereas the present statutes only cover a conspiracy to violate the act. Guardians may not farm nor manage lands in a guardianship except in the exclusive use and benefit of the ward.</p><p>The measure was sponsored by the District Attorneys' association, Native Sons of the Golden West, American Legion, and Attorney General. Sen. Clair Engle, Red Bluff, was the author."</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
LN-1943-06-08-947
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<i>Watsonville Register-Pajaronian</i> , page 1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1943-06-08
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1940s
Title
A name given to the resource
'Teeth' Put In Jap Alien Land Law
Subject
The topic of the resource
Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
Italian American Community
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
TEXT
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
County at War
Minority Groups
-
https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/149757e36059ae238e2f3b8a4fe141f5.pdf
faead294522780abdde2400ab124dc34
PDF Text
Text
"A Well Looking, Affable People... ":
The Ohlone of Aulintak/Santa Cruz
By MaryEllen Ryan
Introduction
For thousands of years until a mere one hundred fifty years ago, Santa Cruz and its surrounding lands were the
undisputed home of a people now popularly known as Ohlone. Their homelands reached from the tip of the
San Francisco peninsula, around the eastern shores of San Francisco Bay, along the coast and throughout the
Santa Cruz Mountains, beyond Monterey to Point Sur, and throughout the Santa Clara Valley eastward to the
Mount Hamilton Range. Throughout these lands their imprint remains. Huge mounds of ancient village
midden now blend with the gently rolling, oak studded foothill landscape. Traces of fishing camps are found
where salmon and steelhead were netted as they raced up countless streams in staggering numbers each
winter. Outcroppings of bedrock used for grinding the abundant harvest of acorns are now hidden beneath
grasses and brush where extensive groves of tanoak once grew. The people themselves lie in carefully planned
cemeteries beneath today's urban landscape, placed there with reverence and ceremony over the millennia.
The life the people led was very different from that of their descendants today, and seems even more
unfamiliar to the people whose lives and work now order changes upon the ancient landscape. The Ohlone
people, who once numbered 10,000 or more over their entire land and at least 600 in several villages in and
around Santa Cruz, were nearly annihilated under the impact of the expanding European population of the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Decimated by non-native diseases, parted from their extended families
during mission residence, often hunted for sport or vengeance, the survivors dispersed to the hinterlands of
their country. Many quietly accepted invisibility under the shield of a borrowed culture, while the elders
became the caretakers of the languages and traditional ways of their people.
What is known of the Ohlone has been extracted from the historical records of their observers and from
information shared by the Ohlone themselves. Hand-bound books of births, deaths, marriages and baptisms
kept by the Spanish era missions provide village place names and kinship records. The diaries and sketches of
botanists, artists, explorers and tradesmen of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries provide
descriptions of native and mission activities. The field notes of nineteenth and twentieth century
ethnographers record remnants of languages and lifeways collected for study in the new American
1
�anthropological and ethnological institutions. Ohlone descendants today share knowledge inherited from their
grandmothers, providing insight to the harmonious interchange of natural, spiritual and human worlds.
Archaeologists have prepared reports from surveys and excavations of prehistoric Ohlone sites and those of
surrounding culture areas. The studies analyze and compare artifactual material, and plot the distribution of
related archaeological sites across the landscape. Their work seeks answers to questions concerning the
migratory origins of the people, the time depths of their village occupations, strategies the people used to
compensate for stresses of overpopulation, and their long term adaptation to climate changes that profoundly
affected their social and economic organization. A history compiled from all these sources is summarized here,
in order that the people of Santa Cruz today might obtain a clearer view of the ancient lifeways that left their
mark in the form of archaeological deposits. These archaeological sites have become our inheritance from a
people whose voices have been for the most part stilled.
Before the Ohlone Came
The earliest Californians are believed to have entered through mountain passes some thirty thousand years
ago. As bands of hunters followed migratory game close to the end of the last ice age, they traversed a now
submerged land bridge connecting the northernmost portion of the Asian and North American continents.
Their route carried them east and south through plains and mountain passages over a period of several
thousand years. Their camps were placed in close proximity to the lakes and marshlands that formed
important habitat for the large game they sought. These early hunters entered California through the Owens
Valley, reaching the southern California coast approximately 20,000 years ago. Coastal archaeological sites left
by the earliest arrivals are believed to lie beyond the present shoreline, where they were inundated as the
great continental ice sheets receded under the warming climate.
Archaeological sites dating from eight to twelve thousand years before the present date (B.P.) have been
found with more frequency, positively dated by carbon-14 and other laboratory methods. The stone and bone
tools and food remains contained in those deposits speak of a people whose survival depended on the ability
to disband and follow migratory large game and waterfowl They processed local seed-bearing plants by
grinding the hard seeds with handstones against a flat stone metate. These ground stone implements and
distinctively shaped spear points and knife blades now identify their campsites. A recently excavated
archaeological site in Scotts Valley produced material with a carbon-14 date of about 10,000 B.P., indicating
that these early hunter/gatherers preceded the better known Ohlone in the Santa Cruz area.
Information from other sources also support an early date for occupancy of the central coast. An Ohlone
spokesman in the San Francisco Bay area has related an ancestral oral tradition describing the course of his
people's settlement of that area. The tribal history recalls a cataclysmic inundation of San Francisco Bay,
separating the Ohlone from their native home among the Miwok of the Sierra Nevada foothills, where they
had planned to return with traded coastal goods. Linguistic analysis of the Ohlone language as it was recorded
in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries confirmed the close relationship between the geographically
separated Ohlone and Miwok languages. The language of the neighboring Eselen people below Carmel was
found to be not only unrelated to Ohlone, but far more ancient. Geologists have extracted core samples from
the floor of San Francisco Bay, which have confirmed through analysis of layered deposits that the bay was
once a wide, lush valley watered by flowing streams prior to the formation of the bay about 9000 to 12,000
2
�years ago. These data all suggest the presence of an early hunter/gatherer culture in Santa Cruz County who
were eventually displaced to the outskirts of their territory. They were forced away by the imposed barriers of
geological changes combined with an influx of people from the central valley and Sierra foothills.
Archaeological sites from the following culture period, dated from 8000 to 4000 B.P., are found with even
greater frequency throughout California. These sites were left by people who settled in to specialize in the
processing and use of local plant and animal resources. Typically these sites are large, indicating a cohesive
village structure and establishment of food gathering and trade resource territories where they occur along
the coast, within inland valleys, and in mountain passes.
The ancestors of the Ohlone apparently co-existed alongside the earlier hunters of this area as they adapted
to the use of abundant marine resources along the stabilized shoreline. One continuous complex of sites has
been recorded along a stream just outside the Santa Cruz city limits which appears to date from this period, as
do others in the Pajaro Valley. The locations and contents of the midden deposits indicate that the people
moved from one established camp to another on a seasonal basis, taking advantage of both inland and coastal
products. They traded outside their territory for traditionally used materials this area lacked. Their preference
for campsite locations was repeated by later historic period settlers, who also selected the advantages of
adequate water, warm southern exposures, and relatively flat terrain for their initial settlement ventures.
Because of this selection process, it is probable that many archaeological sites of such antiquity were
obliterated in the process of nineteenth and twentieth century settlement of the city of Santa Cruz. Some of
the prehistoric middens remaining alongside no longer existing marshes and watercourses near downtown
Santa Cruz might be expected to provide evidence of these early marine adapted people.
The period of settling in and adapting to coastal resources was followed by one of tremendous population
increase throughout the state from 4000 to 1500 B.P. The population increase was apparently related to the
rapid diffusion of techniques for processing and storing acorns, which provided a high quality protein in an
easily stored form for a staple food. With the adaptation to efficient use and storage of acorns, permanent
villages were established for wintering over in the areas close to desirable food and trade resources.
The large, more sedentary population required a more complex tribal social organization than was necessary
for the earlier mobile bands, in order to deal with the increasing complexities of food distribution, marriage
alliances, trade and warfare. Some indication of the importance of particular individuals or lineages over other
villagers during this period is evidenced by the increase in decorative and useful grave goods accompanying
certain burials. The accumulation of goods for burial implies individual wealth and status, possible only with
the compliance of the larger group in the dedicated, time-consuming preparation of objects intended for
burial with the deceased. The internal arrangements of some larger cemeteries from this period have also
shown an emerging pattern of status differentiation. In these cemeteries, people of importance or power are
buried with a profusion of exotic grave goods in the cemetery center, while those with fewer grave goods
were placed in concentric circles or groupings outward from center.
People of the West
By 500 A.D., 1500 years before the present, the speakers of the eight Ohlone languages dominated
throughout the Ohlone territory, while speakers of the older Hokan languages had been displaced to the north
and south. The Ohlone rise to dominance and changing social organization may be reflected in the remaining
3
�cemeteries that were partially destroyed in the process of construction of several Santa Cruz commercial and
residential projects in recent years. At least one of the larger Santa Cruz village sites, near the mouth of the
San Lorenzo River, is thought to have been established during this period of complicated political and
economic change.
The period from 500 A.D. to contact with European cultures in the eighteenth century is one for which there
are many records and inferences. During this period, the people who greeted the Spanish land expeditions and
were given the Spanish name "Costaños" (Coast People) by them, became politically organized into the tribal
units recognized and recorded by missionaries and later ethnographers. Early in this period, the people living
in and around Santa Cruz established themselves as a significant link in an intricate chain of exchange that
extended to Sonoma County, Santa Barbara County, and the eastern Sierra Nevada. The trade network
distributed coastal shell to the Sierra Miwok and Mono people, where it was worked into beads used as
markers of wealth and exchange value. Salt and dried abalone were valued by the inland Yokuts people,
whose territory had to be traversed and traders dealt with on journeys to the east. In return, obsidian for tools
and ceremonial objects, pinon nuts and other exotic foods, and highly valued magnesite and cinnabar ore
were brought to the coast villages. The Chumash of Santa Barbara were contacted for steatite (soapstone),
which was carved into bowls and ceremonial pieces. The Pomo of the interior coast ranges of Sonoma County
provided an alternative source for obsidian. The extent of this trade network, stretching as it did across
language boundaries and foreign territories, required a specialized trading language, a well developed clam
shell disc bead economy, and above all critical marriage and kin alliances in strategically located villages along
the trade routes.
The coastal people and their villages were described with interest by the Europeans who came into contact
with them. "A well looking, affable people," recalled a geographer on Vizcaino's 1602 visit to Monterey Bay
"and very ready to part with everything they have. They are also under some form of government..." More
than a century and a half later, Pedro Fages described their good features, light skin, and long moustaches.
"They are very clever at going out to fish in rafts of reeds," he added. A Franciscan priest observed their "...
comely elegance of figure, quite faultless countenance ... (their) hair kept arranged or in a closely woven small
net ... quick-witted, fond of trading, and tractable." They were sketched in skin capes and fiber skirts at their
daily work, sketched on the bay in their tule reed boats, sketched at play in games of skill and chance,
sketched partaking in their "peculiar habit" of daily bathing, and sketched in ceremonial dress of deeply
contrasting body paint, feather headdressings, and abalone shell pendants. What changes their organized
community lives and personal habits underwent as Europeans came to dominate their home places, their
abundant local foods, and their order of family, government and belief. When encountered after 1770 they
were sketched in woolen mission robes as they sat dispirited in small, quiet groups, appearing to their
observers as sullen, disagreeable, dark and filthy.
The native villages visited by early explorers were described as clusters of dome-shaped reed-covered houses
with an assortment of granary structures, work shelters, a large meeting house in the central tribal village, and
the always present temescal or sweathouse for daily bathing. The people were settled in large, organized
villages ranging from 50 to 500 in population, with a number of smaller, seasonally occupied special use sites
in association with the permanent village. In Santa Cruz, the largest village housed about 200 people. Special
use sites in Santa Cruz included quarries and workshops where the local stone tool resource, Monterey
banded chert, was extracted and worked into a variety of knives, arrow points, skin and fiber scrapers, and
drills for manufacturing beads. In the forests, hunting blinds of piled rock were placed near game trails, often
4
�with pecked rock art nearby. Fishing camps were established along the streams, where nets and traps were
constructed and installed. Shellfish processing sites were established above the rocky shores where abalone,
mussels, clams and various tidepool resources were gathered.
Acorn processing was done within or near the groves of oak where well-located outcroppings of bedrock
provided a place for grinding mortars to be formed. The women also made use of portable hopper mortars,
which were shallow ground-stone bowls upon which an open bottom basket was cemented. Landmark shrines
were visited for observing astronomical events and religious ceremonies. A multitude of other activities left
few material traces: specially dedicated meadows where rabbits were driven and captured in the spring by the
entire village populace; hunting trails following ridges and canyons; particular tracts of land saved for the
gathering of special basketry materials; personal shrines and landmarks from which individual powers were
renewed; and ceremonial caves and shelters whose uses were kept secret from prying anthropologists eager
to interview the grown great-grandchildren of the 18th century Ohlone.
The Ohlone Landscape Today
It is difficult to observe the radically changed Santa Cruz landscape today and imagine the abundance of
water, wildlife and plant life that formed the Ohlone landscape. Neary Lagoon was surrounded by campsites
occupied by groups of families while useful plants and migratory waterfowl were gathered. Once captured
with the hunter's trickery of cunningly made decoys and mimicked calls, the birds were used not only for food,
but were transformed into feather capes and blankets, ceremonial costumes, bone whistles and flutes, and
bone basketry awls. The air would be dense with the rising and settling of waterfowl, while the now extinct
tule elk gathered in great herds around the shoreline. Thick stands of tule reed penetrated the lagoon, so
abundant and strong they were gathered and woven into mats for protective house coverings and cushioned
bedding, or were tied into long bundles for the construction of fishing and transport boats that plied Monterey
Bay.
A large village, probably the one called "Aulintak" in mission records and later ethnographies, commanded a
view of the lagoon, the bay, the San Lorenzo River, and several other villages to the north, east, and west from
its vantage point on Beach Hill. This village was fully occupied when Mission Santa Cruz was established
nearby in 1791, one mile upstream on the San Lorenzo River. The type of shell bead found in the
archaeological deposits of Aulintak may indicate that its antiquity reaches back 2000 years. The Westlake area,
with its abundant rushing streams and springs, was the site of an exceptionally large, activity zoned village,
possibly the one called "Chalumu" in later records. The people of Aulintak and Chalumu spoke one of the eight
Ohlone languages called Awaswas, in which they communicated with their neighbors at Hotochtak, believed
to be north of the present city, and at Sokel, Aptos, Sayant, Achistaca and Uypen. The names of today's
villages of Soquel, Aptos and Zayante communicate a far more ancient history than is evidenced by their
landmark wooden buildings dating to a century ago.
The Ohlone beyond Davenport spoke an entirely different language called Ramaytush. It was in Ramaytush
territory that the village of Olxon was located. The name "Ohlone" was taken from this place, which has now
come to be the preferred designation used to refer to all the groups that spoke the eight "Costanoan"
languages. The central valley Yokuts and the Sierra Miwok apparently referred to all the coastal traders as
Ohlone, which has been translated from Miwok as "people of the west".
5
�Beyond the Awaswas speakers below Aptos, the Ohlone spoke another language called Mutsun. The Mutsun
speakers had their own name for the villages of Santa Cruz, calling them Hardeon. The Mutsun were living in a
central village at Kalenta-ruk on the Pajaro River in 1769, when they were given an unexplained, enormous
fright by the appearance of mounted Spanish soldiers of the Portola expedition. The people of Kalenta-ruk left
an extremely large stuffed bird totem at the site of their village when they fled, so impressing the Spanish that
they gave their own name for "bird" to the river at Kalenta-ruk. Below the Mutsun, the Rumsen of Monterey
spoke a dialect much more closely related to Awaswas than to their immediate Mutsun neighbors. This
puzzling bit of information may hint of recently active displacement of the coastal people in the Pajaro
Valley/Elkhorn Slough area.
The people of Aulintak and Chalumu followed a seasonal rhythm as they collected the bounty of their land.
The spring brought tender shoots of edible plants, along with a proliferation of young animals and edible
insects. The summer brought harvests of grasses for basketry and fiber, bulbs, roots, seeds, fruits and berries
from hundreds of edible and useful plants. Deer were hunted with sinew-backed bow and arrow in the tall
grass meadows, where the hunter brought the curious animals into breathtakingly close range by mimicry of
the deer's movements in deerskin decoys worn draped over the hunter's body. Autumn brought the acorn
harvest, which occupied the intense concentration of all the villagers in the gathering, preparation of pits for
leaching and baking, and for the ceremony that accompanied the yearly harvest. Wild geese and ducks were
captured in the lagoons, fish were harpooned or netted in the rivers, lagoons and bay, and sea mammals were
captured on and off shore. Shellfish were a staple as important as the acorn, and were regularly gathered.
Preparations for winter included the burning of great expanses of meadow and forest, to encourage the new
plant growth preferred by the Ohlone and the browsing animals they hunted. Winter rains brought the influx
of salmon and steelhead, and movement from the hills to more favorably located winter villages. Throughout
the winter the women worked on their exquisite basketry, which is now world renown for its beauty and
intricacy of design. Stores of acorns, dried fish and meat, seeds and nuts were tapped through the winter to
supplement the leaner diet. Within the communal houses, elders repeated tribal oral traditions, passing on
the accumulated wisdom of several thousand years of their world history. Ceremony, song, dance and fable
constantly reinforced the people's sense of their part in the rhythm of the universe, weaving them into the
fabric of sun, moon, stars, earth, water, and the earth's other living creatures. That rhythm was irreparably
broken with the onset of European cultural dominance over their lands.
We Share an Inheritance
Today the villages of Aulintak and Chalumu lie beneath the houses, streets, schools and businesses of Santa
Cruz. The descendants of the Ohlone care for their ancestral home in spirit, and more frequently now in anger
when carefully interred remains are wrenched from their graves in the unrelenting face of modern
development. Of the 230 Ohlone archaeological sites recorded in Santa Cruz County by mid-1980, fourteen
were found within the Santa Cruz city limits. These covered the range from large villages to small special use
sites. Of the fourteen recorded sites, five have been destroyed beyond nearly all scientific value, either by
natural erosion or construction throughout the entire site without benefit of archaeological investigation.
Eight have been disturbed in part by construction of houses or roads, or are partially eroded away, but appear
to contain intact portions either beneath surface disturbance or in areas adjacent to modern construction.
Portions of the Delaveaga area contain sites where chert tools were repaired and re-worked, leaving large
6
�amounts of chipping waste in the midden soil. There also exist areas near UCSC that include small multiple use
campsites, areas of Seabright where shellfish were processed for food and ornaments, and areas of Westlake
associated with Chalumu where chert was worked from raw material into useful tools and projectile points. An
area near Pogonip exists where tools were reworked, and where diarists of Portola's expedition described
temescals, the sweathouses used for ritual and daily bathing. Areas around Neary Lagoon still contain portions
of much larger sites where any number of the marsh associated activities would have taken place.
Only one site has been recorded that remains free from modern disturbance, defined as a hunting camp from
its surface debris, where game was apparently butchered and distributed among the hunting party. Other sites
are likely to exist unrecorded, perhaps concealed under silty layers of alluvial wash, perhaps covered by
parking lots or suburban vegetation, or hidden in brushy canyons now made impenetrable by dense chaparral
the Ohlone would have burned away each fall. This fragile, depleted archaeological wealth is our inheritance
from the past. Preserved with care, and excavated with the integrity of explicitly scientific research, the sites
can be expected to provide answers to our remaining questions about the Ohlone and their predecessors.
These answers can arm us with knowledge for facing the future, when we can expect economic fluctuations,
population stresses, and climatic changes to act upon those of us who now live in Santa Cruz. We are the new
"people of the west", stewards of the past with the responsibility and power to preserve what remains for the
future.
Recommended Additional Readings
A summarization such as the preceding cannot begin to describe in any detail the richness and variety of
California Indian culture. The following are readily available sources for those wishing to further their
understanding of the Ohlone and other California Indians. Asterisk (*) indicates exceptional sources. All were
available in 1980, when the Archaeological Resources Protection Amendment was presented to the public.
Ballena Press, Box 1366, Socorro, New Mexico 87801
Publishers of scholarly writings on Calif., Southwest, and Great Basin ethnohistory. List available.
Bean, Lowell J. and Thomas Blackburn, authors
Native Californians: A Theoretical Retrospective. Ramona: Ballena Press. 1971. Collection of papers on
California Indian social organization.
Bean, Lowell John and Thomas F. King, authors*
Antap: California Indian Political and Economic Organization. Ramona: Ballena Press. 1974.
Anthropological descriptions of organizational systems employed by various tribal groups.
Coyote Press*, P.O. Box 3377, Salinas, CA 93912
Publishers of locally written manuscripts dealing with the archaeology and ethnohistory of the central
coast.
7
�Davis, J.T.
Trade Routes and Economic Exchange among the Indians of California. Berkeley: U.C. Archaeological
Survey Reports. 1961. Details the incredible variety of exchange goods and extensive trade system of
prehistoric California.
Deetz, James
Invitation to Archaeology. Garden City: The Natural History Press. 1967. Explanation of the reasons for,
and results of, archaeological methods.
Fages, Pedro*
Expedition of Pedro Fages to the San Francisco Bay, 1770. H. E. Bolton, ed. San Francisco: Academy of
Pacific Coast History. 1911. Translated diary of early land expedition.
Gamman, John K.
The Ohlone Indians-People of the West: Their use of natural resources. Unpublished Senior Thesis at
Special Collections, UCSC McHenry Library. 1973. Study of seasonal food gathering by ecozones.
Gordon, Burton L.*
Monterey Bay Area: Natural History and Cultural Imprints. Pacific Grove: Boxwood Press. 1974.
Evolution of the Monterey Bay area landscape, detailing man's manipulation of natural resources.
More recent revised edition now available.
Heizer, Robert F. *
The Costanoan Indians. Local History Studies, Vol. 18. Cupertino: California History Center, De Anza
College. 1974. Thorough survey of Costanoan/Ohlone culture.
Heizer, Robert F., editor
They Were Only Diggers. Newspaper accounts of persecution against the California Indians in the 19th
century.
Heizer, R.F. and M.A. Whipple *
The California Indians: A Source Book. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
1971. Collection of papers on the material culture and social organization of all California tribes.
Jackson, Robert
An Introduction to the Historical Demography of Santa Cruz Mission and the Villa de Branciforte, 17911846. Unpublished Senior Thesis, Special Collections, UCSC McHenry Library. Includes reconstruction of
population patterns of local Ohlone and effects of missionization.
8
�Kessler, Christina *
Ohlone: Native Americans of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Areas. Unpublished Honors Senior
Thesis, Special Collections, UCSC McHenry Library. 1974. Carefully researched, well written paper
exploring the lifeways of the Ohlone and European impact on their culture.
Kroeber, A.L.
Handbook of the Indians of California. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. 1925. Classic California
Indians handbook, republished in paperback by Dover, New York, 1976.
Kroeber, Theodora
Ishi in Two Worlds. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1961. Detailed account of lifeways as
explained to anthropologists by last surviving Yahi, 1911-1916.
Levy, Richard
‘The Costanoan’, pp. 485-495 in Handbook of the North American Indians, Vol. 8, California.
Washington: Smithsonian Institution. 1978. Recent survey of Costanoan/Ohlone culture, synthesizing
recent work with emphasis on linguistic origins.
Lewis, Henry T.
Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory. Ramona: Ballena Press. 1973.
References for burning as a method of agriculture.
Margolin, Malcolm *
The Ohlone Way. Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area. Berkeley: Heyday Books. 1978. A
sensitive, beautifully written description of the Ohlone way of life, with excellent bibliography.
Palou, Fray
Francisco Historical Memoirs of New California. H.E. Bolton, ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1926. Translated journals of travels in Alta California.
Santa Cruz Archaeological Society *, 1305 East Cliff Drive, Santa Cruz 95062.
Publishers of SCAN, Santa Cruz Archaeological Notes; present films, speakers, activities related to the
preservation of archaeological sites in Santa Cruz County. Meetings third Thursday monthly, City
Natural History Museum.
Santa Cruz City Museum *, 1305 East Cliff Drive, Santa Cruz CA 95062.
Natural History museum in Seabright, with excellent display on California Indians and good bookstore.
Santa Maria, Fray Vicente *
The First Spanish Entry into San Francisco Bay. John Galvin, ed. San Francisco: J. Howell, Publisher.
Sensitive portrayal of Bay Area Ohlone before missionization.
9
�Smith, Charles R. *
‘In Harmony with the Earth: Heritage Significance among the Ohlone’, in Archaeological Evaluation of
CA-SCR-158 by J. Bergthold, G.S. Breschini, and T. Haversat. Salinas: Coyote Press, 1980. Examination of
attitudes held by Ohlone and other Native Americans towards the desecration of their sacred sites by
development and archaeologists.
Sources Consulted in the Preparation of this Manuscript
Personal Communications
Baker, Suzanne
Archaeological Consultants, San Francisco, CA. Personal communication regarding recent excavations at CASCR-12, the "Beach Hill" site. July 1980.
Cartier, Robert
Archaeological Resource Management, San Jose, CA. Personal communication regarding recent excavations in
Scotts Valley. July 1980.
Mathes, Eric
Consulting Artist, graphics and illustrations, Santa Cruz, CA. Personal communication regarding appearance of
Ohlone landscape. July, 1980.
Orozco, Patrick
Ohlone Indian Cultural Association, Watsonville, CA. Personal notes and communications, 1975 - 1978;
address to the Santa Cruz Archaeological Society, 1975.
Unpublished Papers and other collected manuscripts in public and private collections
Ball, Francine
"Mortuary Customs and Beliefs of the Costanoan Indians." Unpublished class paper, in possession of
Department of Special Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1974.
Breschini, Gary S. and Trudy Haversat
"Archaeological Overview of the Central Coast Counties, Draft for Comment," in possession of Regional Office
of the California Archaeological Site Survey, Aptos CA. 1979.
Edwards, Robert L. and MaryEllen [Ryan] Farley
"Assessment of the Cultural Resources of the Lower Pajaro River Basin, California, with selected field study."
Contracted manuscript in possession of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, San Francisco, CA. 1974.
Gamman, John K.
"The Ohlone Indians - People of the West: Their Use of Natural Resources." Student Paper no. ES 144 N, in
possession of Department of Special Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1973.
10
�Kessler, Christina
"Ohlone: Native Americans of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area." Honors Thesis, in possession of
Department of Special Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1974.
Kessler, Christina Mary
"People of the West." Student paper, in possession of Department of Special Collections, McHenry Library,
University of California Santa Cruz. 1974.
Koster, George H.
"The San Lorenzo River, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow." Thesis, in possession of Department of Special
Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1975.
Krumbein, William J.
"Natural Bridges State Beach History." Undated typescript in possession of Department of Special Collections,
McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz.
Morris, Joseph and Allan Lonnberg
"Santa Cruz County Prehistoric Settlement Pattern Analysis: A Preliminary Report." Student paper in
possession of Department of Special Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1975.
Ryan Farley, MaryEllen
"California Indians of the Central Coast." Typescript for slide illustrated lecture program, in possession of Santa
Cruz City Museum. 1973.
Simmons, Terry
"The Status and Future of Archaeology in the Santa Cruz Region." Thesis, in possession of Department of
Special Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1978.
Spencer, Lois
"The Costanoan Indians: Bibliography." Typescript in possession of Department of Special Collections,
McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1971.
Swift, Carolyn
"A Sampler: Indians of Santa Cruz County." Student paper in possession of Library, Cabrillo College, Aptos CA.
1971.
Various authors and dates
Files and confidential records of the Regional Office of the Californian Archaeological Site Survey, Aptos, CA.
Used in this manuscript:
Santa Cruz County Archaeological Site Records, 3 volumes, including CA-SCR-12, -24, -25, -80, -87, -89, -93, -94,
-106, -114, -116, -142, -187, -189.
Santa Cruz County Archaeological Impact Evaluations: No. E-14, -21, -23, -32, -51, -64, -103, -159, -165, -174, 177, -178, -179, -200, -208, -211, -215, -218, -235, -243, -255, -275, -276, -298, -309, -313, -317, -331, -336, 342.
Weiner, Ann Lucy
"Mechanisms and Trends in the Decline of Costanoan Population." Thesis, in possession of Department of
Special Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1979.
11
�Published Sources
Edwards, Rob
‘5400 Years on the Santa Cruz Coast’, article in Volume 3 Number 3, Santa Cruz Archaeological Notes.
Santa Cruz: Santa Cruz Archaeological Society.
Gordon, Burton L.
Monterey Bay Area: Natural History and Cultural Imprints. Pacific Grove: Boxwood Press. 1974.
Heizer, Robert F.
The Costanoan Indians. Local History Studies, Vol. 18. Cupertino: California History Center. 1974.
Heizer, R.F. and M.A. Whipple
The California Indians: A Source Book. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1971.
Kroeber, A.L.
Handbook of the Indians of California. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 1925.
Levy, Richard
‘The Costanoan’, pp. 485-495 in Handbook of the North American Indians, Vol. 8, California.
Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 1978.
Margolin, Malcolm
The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area. Berkeley: Heyday Books. 1978.
Mathes, W. Michael
A Brief History of the Land of Calafia: The Californias 1533 - 1795. San Francisco: the author.
Nemeric, Jan
‘Edible Plants of Santa Cruz used by Aborigines’, article in Loganberry: A Santa Cruz Magazine, second
edition. Santa Cruz: UCSC Environmental Studies Department. 1973.
Smith, Charles R.
In Harmony with the Earth: Heritage Significance among the Ohlone, in Archaeological Evaluation of
CA-SCR-158 by J. Bergthold, G.S. Breschini, T. Haversat. Salinas: Coyote Press. 1980.
Source
Prepared as a narrative accompaniment to the Archaeological Resources Protection Amendment, Historic
Preservation Plan of the City of Santa Cruz. For the City of Santa Cruz Planning Department under provision of
P.O. No. 09894.
12
�MaryEllen Ryan
Historical Investigations
July 28, 1980
© Copyright MaryEllen Ryan. Reproduced with the permission of MaryEllen Ryan and the City of Santa Cruz.
It is the library’s intent to provide accurate information, however, it is not possible for the library to completely
verify the accuracy of all information. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are
incorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library.
13
�
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Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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AR-179
Title
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"A Well Looking, Affable People…": The Ohlone of Aulintak/Santa Cruz
Subject
The topic of the resource
Native Americans
Ohlone
Archaeology
Historic Preservation
Creator
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Ryan, MaryEllen
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Prepared as a narrative accompaniment to the Archaeological Resources Protection Amendment, Historic Preservation Plan of the City of Santa Cruz
Publisher
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
7/28/1980
Coverage
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Santa Cruz (County)
Format
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Text
Language
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En
Type
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ARTICLE
Rights
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Copyright MaryEllen Ryan. Reproduced with the permission of MaryEllen Ryan and the City of Santa Cruz.
Minority Groups
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
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<p>SAN FRANCISCO (UP) - Japanese-American evacuees who could fill at least 15,000 vital industrial and farm jobs are hesitating about returning here because of concern over housing and employment, Harold Boyd, chairman of the Council for Civic Unity of San Francisco, said Friday.</p><p>Boyd asserted that this is "hindering the war effort," and that the concern of the nisei has been due to a "misunderstanding" about available housing and employment. "The nisei are among the most skillful farmers," he said, "and farmers who have gladly used German war prisoners as farm labor, would be glad to employ American citizens of Japanese ancestry as free labor."</p><p>Only 12 Japanese have returned to the west coast since revocation of an army exclusion order against them."</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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LN-1945-01-08-1001
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<i>Watsonville Register-Pajaronian</i> , page 4
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1945-01-08
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1940s
Title
A name given to the resource
[Industrial And Farm Jobs]
Subject
The topic of the resource
Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
Italian American Community
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission.
Publisher
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
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TEXT
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
County at War
Minority Groups
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<p><b>JAPANESE AMERICANS IN DRIVE THIS WEEK; PARENTS ASSISTING</b></p><p>A goal of $25,000 was set by the defense bonds committee of the local Japanese American Citizens League chapter as the campaign among members and Japanese families in this valley expected to get underway this week.</p><p>Albert Umino, chairman, and his precinct captains composed of Jimmy Hirokawa, Taira Fujimoto, Bill Shirachi, Min Hamada, Louie Waki, and Dr. Ito will rally every possible aid to conduct the drive successfully and to do their part in the preservation and perpetuation of liberty and the democratic way of life.</p><p>An "all-out" defense of this country was keynoted in the discussions and recommendations made at the board of governors meeting Saturday evening. As evidence of their faith in the government of the United States and their position in the world crisis, voluntary subscriptions of larger denominational bonds were purchased by parents of the JACL members. These advance subscribers will head the list of the stamps and bond purchases to be made by the members and their parents.</p><p>The board of governors announced the appointment of Yoshiye Takata as part-time secretary to manage the temporary headquarters to be maintained in the office of Dr. Frank Ito with hours being 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. daily during the week.</p><p>"We also serve" badges are being sold by Pearl Matsumoto and Kikuye Takata which will supplement the emergency funds and the pins may also be obtained at the office of the local headquarters.</p><p>Under the chairmanship of John Yamauchi the annual membership enrollment drive will begin and will include new members. Acting under instructions from the national headquarters the membership committee will request the presentation of birth certificates to renew and enroll the membership this year. The request concurs with the purposes of the JACL as expressed in the national slogan which reads: "For better Americans in Greater America."</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
LN-1942-01-13-861
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<i>Watsonville Register-Pajaronian</i> , page 1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1942-01-13
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1940s
Title
A name given to the resource
$25,000 Bond Goal Set By Local JACL
Subject
The topic of the resource
Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
Italian American Community
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
TEXT
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
County at War
Minority Groups
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<p>One thousand one hundred and ninety six persons of Japanese origin or descent will leave Santa Cruz county this week for the reception center on the rodeo grounds at Salinas. Thence they will go to colonies in inland areas.</p><p>The 1196 will represent 216 families who signed up with the Civilian Wartime Control Administration in the memorial building in Watsonville Friday and yesterday.</p><p>Of the 1196 total, the north end of Santa Cruz county will send 86, representing 17 families, most of whom have been resident on berry farms.</p><p>The first contingent to leave from the memorial building in Watsonville will be 52 Japanese, representing the families of workers who will be employed at the reception center as cooks, butchers, bakers or in similar capacities.</p><p>Families will be kept intact.</p><p>The rest of the Japanese will leave the Watsonville center at hours which have been assigned them on Wednesday and Thursday.</p><p>The evacuees may use their own automobiles to travel to the Watsonville memorial building, but from that point their trip to Salinas will be by bus.</p><p>12,000 ON COAST</p><p>San Francisco, April 25 (AP) Over 12,000 additional Japanese in northern and southern California, and at Seattle, Wash. have registered during the last two days for processing incident to their evacuation from these areas, the army's wartime civil control administration announced tonight.</p><p>Registration in certain of the areas will continue through tomorrow, bringing the total figure higher.</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
LN-1942-04-26-901
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<i>Santa Cruz Sentinel-News, Morning Edition</i> , page 1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1942-04-26
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1940s
Title
A name given to the resource
1196 Japanese In County To Go This Week
Subject
The topic of the resource
Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
Italian American Community
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyrighted by the Santa Cruz Sentinel-News, Morning Edition. Reproduced by permission.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
TEXT
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
County at War
Minority Groups
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<p>WILL DO THEIR BEST ON FARMS SAYS I MOTOKI</p><p>Approximately 200 Japanese families will remain in the Pajaro valley until the official moving notice following the voluntary evacuation deadline at midnight Sunday.</p><p>I. Motoki, who was secretary of the now disbanded Japanese association, reported some 25 families would leave before Sunday midnight.</p><p>"Those Japanese staying on the farms here will do their best and put all their efforts into farming as the United States government requests until they are evacuated under official army orders," Motoki declared.</p><p>He added that he will be the last Japanese to leave and will assist Japanese aliens and Japanese-Americans in final details such as cleaning up debts, moving, etc. His office is at 59 Union street, telephone 1434.</p><p>Motoki added that Japanese farms "look good this year with fine crops of berries, lettuce and garlic expected."</p><p>Enemy aliens or citizens of Japanese descent seeking to evacuate the prohibited area voluntarily may obtain travel permits from the office of the U.S. employment service, 21 West Lake avenue. The office was scheduled to remain open all day Saturday and Sunday, and John I. Sutton, manager, said it would be open Saturday and Sunday evenings for persons unable to call during normal working hours who telephone 1271 for appointments.</p><p>Squadrons of police and FBI agents, meanwhile, swept across northern California Saturday, arresting Japanese aliens affiliated with secret societies and considered dangerous.</p><p>For Japanese who remain, a curfew was in effect between 8 p.m. and 6 a.m. throughout the coastal area."</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
LN-1942-03-27-894
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<i>Watsonville Register-Pajaronian</i> , page 1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1942-03-27
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1940s
Title
A name given to the resource
200 Jap Families Remain
Subject
The topic of the resource
Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
Italian American Community
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
TEXT
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
County at War
Minority Groups
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<p>ARMY HEADQUARTERS, Pacific Ocean Areas (UP) - American soldiers of Japanese ancestry suffered 2111 casualties in the European war, an army compilation showed Tuesday.</p><p>The total covered battles in Italy and France and included 361 killed in action, 49 died of wounds, 1651 wounded, 34 missing and six captured.</p><p>Japanese-American soldiers fought in the 100th infantry battalion and the 442nd regimental combat team. Both outfits included large numbers of Hawaii's Japanese.</p><p>They were conspicuous especially in the Italian campaign, landing at Salerno and fighting into Cassino and Rome. </p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
LN-1945-06-19-1020
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<i>Watsonville Register-Pajaronian</i> , page 1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1945-06-19
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1940s
Title
A name given to the resource
2111 Nisei Casualties Reported By US Army
Subject
The topic of the resource
Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
Italian American Community
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
TEXT
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
County at War
Minority Groups