2
10
236
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<p>American-Born Included in Army Order</p><p>Twenty-five hundred Japanese, both alien and American-born, German and Italians will leave the Pajaro valley under evacuation plans announced Tuesday by the army.</p><p>No deadlines have been set, but both enemy aliens and American-born Japanese will be ousted gradually from the western half of the states of Washington, Oregon and California and the southern half of Arizona. The army Tuesday declared that district a military area.</p><p>The Pajaro valley, which contains an estimated 2500 persons of Japanese nationality or ancestry, will be one of the areas most affected by the order issued Tuesday by Lt.-Gen. John L. DeWitt, chief of the western defense command. Of the valley's population of approximately 25,000, Japanese and Japanese Americans make up about 10 per cent.</p><p>Created in the most drastic step yet taken toward enemy alien control, the area was designed by Gen. DeWitt under authority granted by President Roosevelt. It will affect 140,000 enemy aliens and 70,000 American-born Japanese. California alone has 93,000 alien and American-born Japanese.</p><p>Gen. DeWitt emphasized that the proclamation merely sets up the prohibited and restricted areas on the coast and does not represent an order for aliens and Japanese-Americans to move out. Evacuation will be ordered later, with enough time being given to avoid serious hardships to aliens.</p><p>The general advised, however, that "those Japanese and other aliens who move into the interior out of this area now will gain considerable advantage and in all probability will not again be disturbed."</p><p>Japanese, Japanese-Americans and Germans and Italians in the Pajaro valley will be affected this way by Tuesday's proclamation:</p><p>They will not be required to move at once. Eventually, under orders to be issued later, Japanese and Japanese-Americans will be required to leave the coastal area completely. Some under army permission, may be allowed to live and work in a "restricted zone" in the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys. The rest will be required to move east of a line roughly following the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains.</p><p>Gen. DeWitt said immediate compulsory mass evacuation of all enemy aliens and American-born Japanese was not practicable and that there would be no mass evacuation. The entire process, he said, will be progressive and gradual, aimed at clearing the vital district but avoiding economic hardship to the extent consistent with the military urgency which impelled the action.</p><p>The proclamation set up two special areas and 101 specific zones in this pattern:</p><p> 1. Military area No. 1: the western half of the three coastal states, the southern border area of California and the southern half of Arizona. 2. Military area No. 2: the parts of the four states not included in No. 1. Enemy aliens and Japanese-Americans may live there. 3. Special prohibited zones A-1 through A-99 inclusive. They include power plants and key military areas in the "restricted zone," where aliens will be barred although they may, under permit, be living in the restricted zone.</p><p>DeWitt said future proclamations affecting the area will be concerned with five classes of persons, namely:</p><p>Class 1 - Persons suspected of espionage, sabotage, fifth column or other subversive activity. Class 2 - Japanese aliens. Class 3 - American-born persons of Japanese lineage. Class 4 - German aliens. Class 5 - Italian aliens.</p><p>Persons in class 1 are already being apprehended, DeWitt said, and the evacuation program does not concern them.</p><p>"Evacuation from military areas will be a continuing process," the military commander said. "Persons in Classes 2 and 3 (alien and American-born Japanese) will be required by future orders to leave certain critical points within the military areas first. These areas will be defined and announced shortly. After exclusion (of aliens and American-born Japanese) has been completed around the most strategic areas, a gradual program of exclusion from the remainder of Military Area No. 1 (all of California except the eastern mountains) will by developed."</p><p>When the work is completed, German and Italian aliens will be next in line for evacuation. Germans and Italians over 70 years of age will not have to move unless suspected of enemy activity, the general said. Families of Germans and Italians in the American armed forces also will be exempted unless suspected, the general said.</p><p>Boundaries of the prohibited military zone and the restricted zone will be defined in maps to be published in this newspaper within the next few days. In the Monterey Bay area, the prohibited zone extends back from the coast to points east of San Jose, Gilroy, Hollister and Tres Pinos. In other parts of the state the boundary line runs east of Willits, Santa Rosa, Vallejo, San Luis Obispo, Santa Paula, Burbank, Los Angeles, Santa Ana, Escondido, and north of El Centro and Holtville in the Imperial valley. The restricted zone, in which aliens may be permitted under special authorization, includes most of the rest of the state's populated area except for the extreme eastern strip of the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys.</p><p>Enemy aliens and American-born Japanese will be required to register changes of address under a procedure yet to be announced.</p><p>"</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
LN-1942-03-04-886
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<i>Watsonville Register-Pajaronian</i> , page 1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1942-03-04
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1940s
Title
A name given to the resource
2500 To Quit Valley
Subject
The topic of the resource
Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
Italian American Community
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
TEXT
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
County at War
Minority Groups
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<p>Criminal complaints charging conspiracy to violate the alien property act of 1920 were filed against three Japanese in superior court at Salinas Friday by Monterey County District Attorney Anthony Brazil.</p><p>The complaints charge that Toshi Hanazono, a nisei of Salinas, bought property at Nativadad which she turned over to Yeido Ikeda and his wife Satsuka, both aliens. The property, 71 acres of produce land, then was cultivated by the Ikedas, the complaints allege.</p><p>Aug. 15 was set as the date on which the Ikedas will appear to show cause why the property should not be confiscated.</p><p>The complaints are the third such actions brought in California against alien Japanese. The Ikedas are now in the Posten, Ariz., relocation camp.</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
LN-1944-05-20-979
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<i>Watsonville Register-Pajaronian</i> , page 1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1944-05-20
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1940s
Title
A name given to the resource
3 Jap Evacuees Face Monterey Co. Land Charge
Subject
The topic of the resource
Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
Italian American Community
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
TEXT
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
County at War
Minority Groups
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<p>WASHINGTON (UP) - More than 500 persons of Japanese ancestry have returned to the Pacific coast from relocation camps, Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes said Saturday.</p><p>War Relocation authority records completed through Feb. 17 show that 413 Japanese went to California, 43 to Washington, 33 to Oregon, and 32 to Arizona. The report covered a seven-week period since the army announced on Jan. 2 that they would be permitted to return to their homes.</p><p>An additional 1200 Japanese have relocated eastward from the camps since the first of the year, the statement said. These included 352 who went to Illinois, 120 to Ohio, 85 to New York, 78 to Michigan, and 63 to New Jersey. This group followed approximately 33,000 Japanese who previously had relocated eastward.</p><p>WRA reported that Japanese returning to the west coast "have had a predominately friendly reception in spite of several isolated instances of threatened boycott and organized resistance."</p><p>The agency said a large number of the approximately 60,000 center residents to be relocated during the next 10 months, "have definite plans and a set date of departure."</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
LN-1945-02-24-1009
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<i>Watsonville Register-Pajaronian</i> , page 1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1945-02-24
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1940s
Title
A name given to the resource
500 Japanese Back On Coast
Subject
The topic of the resource
Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
Italian American Community
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
TEXT
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
County at War
Minority Groups
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<p>In the first group movement since lifting of the Japanese exclusion program Sept. 4, 74 Japanese evacuees arrived at Watsonville junction Wednesday morning, Fred Rhodes, local WRA official, stated.</p><p>A small group of the evacuees was expected to remain on the Monterey county side of the Pajaro valley. The remainder will be brought to Watsonville and probably housed temporarily in the Watsonville hostel (Buddhist temple) at Union and Bridge St.</p><p>Rhodes stated many of the Japanese were available for farm work if housing is provided for them. Housing is one of the most difficult aspects of replacement of the evacuees, Rhodes said.</p><p>When the exclusion program was ended, last week, approximately 77 Japanese had returned to the valley already. It is estimated that 40 per cent or approximately 900 of the 2300 Japanese evacuated in March 1942, will return to the Pajaro valley within six months or a year. At present, the valley's Japanese population stands around 150.</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
LN-1945-09-12-1032
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<i>Watsonville Register-Pajaronian</i> , page 1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1945-09-12
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1940s
Title
A name given to the resource
74 Japanese Evacuees Here
Subject
The topic of the resource
Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
Italian American Community
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
TEXT
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
County at War
Minority Groups
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<p>Washington (UP) - War Relocation Authority officials disclosed Friday that 8200 Japanese were moved early this month to a new segregation center at Tule Lake, Calif., and that by Jan. 1 there will be 10,000 more segregated at that camp.</p><p>The Japanese who have been and will be taken to the camp are those found disloyal to the United States among the 90,000 who were ousted from the Western Defense Command Area in the first year of war. Some, however, will be children and wives who choose to remain with the member of the family whose segregation is ordered.</p><p>The major move of disloyal Japanese was completed by the army Oct. 11. This also included the movement from Tule Lake of 6000 Japanese believed loyal to this country to one of the nine other camps maintained by the WRA.</p><p>Under the plan begun a year ago, the segregation of disloyal from loyal Japanese was to be completed by Oct. 20, but delay resulted because of the incompletion of housing facilities and the intensive investigation of thousands who pledged loyalty to the United States but whose pledge was suspected of being insincere.</p><p>WRA officials also disclosed that 15,000 Japanese have been permitted to leave the camps to take jobs after being cleared by intelligence agencies and an additional 7000 are out on temporary leave to fill seasonal jobs. The majority eligible for leave are reluctant to depart, however.</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
LN-1943-10-22-966
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<i>Watsonville Register-Pajaronian</i> , page 1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1943-10-22
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1940s
Title
A name given to the resource
8200 Disloyal Japs Now At Tule Lake; 10,000 By Jan. 1
Subject
The topic of the resource
Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
Italian American Community
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
TEXT
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
County at War
Minority Groups
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<p>PHOENIX, Ariz. (UP) - U.S. District Judge Dave W. Ling Tuesday sentenced 98 Japanese-American draft registers to one year in prison.</p><p>Sentence was imposed on defendants in three test cases but is binding on all of the other Nisei from the Poston relocation center at Parker, Ariz., who refused to respond to selective service calls.</p><p>An appeal will be taken immediately to the U.S. circuit court of appeals and the case may go from there to the U.S. supreme court.</p><p>The cases were consolidated by agreement of the government and defense counsel. Judge Ling heard the testimony without a jury.</p><p>The court found the defendants guilty after overruling a motion to quash the indictments.</p><p>The American-born Japs, virtually all of them from California, asserted they were exempt from the draft since they were in effect military prisoners at the relocation center. Most of them have renounced American citizenship and asked to be sent to Japan after the war.</p>
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
LN-1945-06-12-1018
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<i>Watsonville Register-Pajaronian</i> , page 3
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1945-06-12
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1940s
Title
A name given to the resource
89 Nisei Given Year Sentence As Draft Evaders
Subject
The topic of the resource
Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
Italian American Community
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
TEXT
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
County at War
Minority Groups
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
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<p>Second large group of returning Japanese to the Pajaro valley arrived Friday morning with 97 men, women and children leaving the train at Watsonville Junction, Fred Rhodes, local WRA official, announced.</p><p>With the exception of 10 or 15 Japanese going to Monterey, the remainder will stay here. Sixty of them will be housed, at least temporarily, in the hostel established in the Buddhist temple; the remainder have their own homes, Rhodes said.</p><p>The new arrivals bring the valley's Japanese population to nearly 250. WRA estimates show that 900 of the 2300 evacuated Japanese are expected to return eventually from relocation camps.</p><p>Thursday night, over 50 members of the CIO Agricultural Workers' union met at their hall, 115 Van Ness Ave., to hear Lt. Roger Smith, who fought with the Japanese-Americans of the 442nd combat team in Italy and France, relate his experiences. He was introduced by Earl Watters, ex-marine veteran of three years' South Pacific warfare and who is now with the WRA. Lt. Smith's appearance was arranged by Rhodes.</p><p>Lt. Smith, after explaining he volunteered for the assignment to speak in behalf of the American soldiers of Japanese descent of whose loyalty he is absolutely convinced, said he was proud to have served with the 442nd regiment and that "the Japanese-American troops proved themselves loyal at all times. According to the war department records and the appraisal of the outfits alongside of which they fought, they were the most outstanding combat team in the European theater of operations."</p><p>He called attention, also, to the 3000 to 5000 nisei soldiers in the Pacific area, "many of them in combat or performing hazardous jobs. Through the information they gained from the enemy and their efforts in persuading large numbers of Japanese to surrender, they shortened the war in the Pacific immeasurably," he said."</p>
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LN-1945-09-21-1035
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<i>Watsonville Register-Pajaronian</i> , page 1
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1945-09-21
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1940s
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97 More Japanese Arrive Here; CIO Group Hears Talk
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Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
Italian American Community
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Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission.
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TEXT
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EN
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NEWS
DOCUMENT
County at War
Minority Groups
-
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Local News Index
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An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
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<p>Further evidencing the need for national martial law, which Riptide consistently has advocated, is the action of the Civil Liberties Union which is endeavoring to nullify the evacuation of Japanese who are American citizens.</p><p>The organization contends it is unconstitutional to evacuate citizens of the nation without "due process of law," and is making a test case of the issue through the person of a young Japanese citizen who evaded the evacuation order hiding in a basement only to be caught some time later.</p><p>True though it may be that the Civil Liberties Union might have a case under normal conditions, it is to be remembered that we are not living in normal times.</p><p>All of us have been, and will be again many times before this war is ended, deprived of certain of our liberties and comforts of life without "due process of law." And we are not squawking about it. THIS IS WAR.</p><p>If President Roosevelt would declare MARTIAL LAW such cases which hamper our war effort could not arise. Under martial law all civil rights are abrogated.</p><p>The Civil Liberties Union is performing a disservice to our country in this attempt to nullify the evacuation of citizen Japanese, to say nothing of menacing the lives of our people and the safety of our nation.</p><p>It is better that a thousand loyal Japanese be interned than permit one traitor to go free and bring death to our boys."</p>
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LN-1942-06-26-910
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<i>Riptide</i> , page 2
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1942-06-26
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1940s
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A Disservice To Our Nation<br />[Editorial]
Subject
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Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
Italian American Community
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Copyrighted by the Riptide. Reproduced by permission.
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EN
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NEWS
DOCUMENT
County at War
Minority Groups
-
https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/9e6be005d0e6c9989be51e49ddd6e83d.pdf
6ebfd993798739214ff4780b4fa5a91a
PDF Text
Text
A Half-Century of Service:
The Watsonville Japanese–American Citizens League,
1934–1984
By Sandy Lydon
This short history of the Watsonville Japanese–American Citizens League has been prepared to commemorate the
fiftieth anniversary of the organization's founding in 1934. For fifty of the almost one hundred years that immigrants
from Japan and their descendants have lived and worked in the Pajaro Valley, the leadership of that community has
come from the American-born generation (Nisei), and their primary organization, the JACL. Though the name of the
organization changed over the years and it was inactive during the community's World War II internment in Arizona, the
Watsonville Japanese–American Citizens League played a vital role in the history of the Japanese community in the
Pajaro Valley.
Issei Pioneers in the Pajaro Valley
M Beginning with the first appearance of Chinese farm laborers in the Pajaro Valley in the summer of 1866, immigrants
from Asia played a major role in transforming the one-crop, wheat-dependent valley into the diversified farming region
it is today. From 1866 to 1890 the Chinese were the dominant labor force in the region. Following the 1882 Chinese
Exclusion Act which prohibited the continued immigration of Chinese laborers into the United States, the Chinese
population in the Pajaro Valley steadily declined as death and emigration whittled away at the Chinese community.
After Japan relaxed laws prohibiting emigration in 1885, Japanese farm laborers began to replace the aging Chinese in
the fields of Hawaii, California, Oregon and Washington. The number of Japanese living in the Pajaro Valley grew from a
handful in 1890 to over four hundred in 1900, and the young, energetic men soon filled the slots being vacated by
Chinese in agriculture as well as finding employment as domestics, laundrymen, wood choppers and railroad workers in
the Monterey Bay region.
Despite simmering anti-Japanese sentiment (particularly after Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905),
discriminatory laws, and the painful process of adjusting to a new land, the Issei [first-generation] pioneers carved a
tenuous niche in the economy of the Pajaro Valley. During their first two decades in the Pajaro Valley the Issei learned
that one of the keys to their survival in the less-than-hospitable valley was to form organizations for protection and
mutual aid.
Though farm labor contractor Sakuzo Kimura is often credited with being the first Japanese immigrant to live in the
Pajaro Valley, there is some evidence that he was preceded by a number of Japanese individuals. In 1887, the Santa Cruz
Sentinel reported that two Japanese nurserymen were taking care of a plantation of several thousand orange trees and
grape vines near Porter Gulch and in 1889, the Watsonville Pajaronian noted that a Japanese woman who dressed
1
�"American style and talks good English" was living in Watsonville's Chinatown (located on the Monterey County side of
the Pajaro River in Pajaro), but that she refused to be interviewed by reporters. By 1890, there were nineteen Japanese
living in Santa Cruz County with one living in Monterey County.
An agricultural revolution was under way in the Pajaro Valley when the Japanese arrived. Sugar beets were replacing
wheat as the valley's dominant crop, and in 1888 Claus Spreckels built a huge sugar manufacturing plant in Watsonville.
Chinese sugar beet contractors dominated the industry during the early years, but by the mid-1890s, Japanese
contractors were offering contract rates lower than the Chinese, and slowly but surely, the Japanese began to replace
the Chinese in the sugar beet fields in the Pajaro Valley. By the time Spreckels moved the plant to Salinas in 1898,
Japanese beet workers were doing the majority of the sugar beet crop in the Pajaro and Salinas Valleys.
The United States census taken in 1900 listed almost one thousand Japanese in the Monterey Bay Region (235 in Santa
Cruz County and 710 in Monterey County). The occupations listed—cooks, laundrymen, fishermen, missionaries, railroad
tie cutters, and woodchoppers—dispel the myth that early Japanese immigrants to the Monterey Bay Region were all
farmers or farm laborers. For example, Gennosuke Kodani, one of the early immigrants on the Monterey Peninsula, was
a trained marine biologist who had come to the central coast to develop the abalone diving and canning industry. Over
ninety percent of these early immigrants were male, a pattern followed by most immigrant groups to the United
States—the men came early, to create a base, and then the women were brought over to reunite the families.
A census of 135 Japanese families living in the Pajaro Valley in the 1920s listed the provinces in Japan from which each of
the Issei pioneers came. The following chart shows the provinces from which the majority came:
1) Yamaguchi 24%
2) Wakayama 16%
3) Fukuoka
12%
4) Hiroshima 12%
5) Kumamoto 12%
6) Okayama 4%
7) Fukui
3%
8) Kagoshima 2%
(The remaining 15% were scattered from different provinces.)
The first Japanese immigrants to the Pajaro Valley lived in Watsonville's Chinatown just across the river from the town,
but after several years, boarding houses sprang up at the north end of Main Street, on Brennan Street and on Lake
Avenue, while a small Japantown grew on the south end of Union Street. By 1902, the editor of the Watsonville
Pajaronian termed the movement of the Japanese an "invasion." "The ease with which the Japanese have moved in (to
Watsonville) is agitating some of the Chinese . . . such a movement should be discouraged." He concluded with the
observation that "the quarters of the Asiatics should be outside of our city's limits." Despite the editor's concerns,
Watsonville's Japantown grew steadily during the first decade of the twentieth century, and by 1910 the following
businesses and stores were located there: four Labor Clubs, two churches, one Japanese Association, three branches of
Japanese newspaper companies, four grocery and general merchandise stores, ten boarding houses, five ryoriya
(Japanese eating places), one restaurant, four barber shops, six pool halls, four Japanese bath houses, three watch repair
2
�shops, two photo studios, two taxis, two clothing stores, one laundry, one shoe shop, one tofu-ya (tofu store), two
bicycle shops, two candy stores and two medical doctors.
Religious and social organizations were formed by the pioneer immigrants during this period to help ease the difficulty
of adjustment in this new land. Westview Presbyterian Church had its beginnings in 1898 while the Buddhist Temple was
founded in 1906. However, it was the unusual legal status of the Japanese immigrants which led them to start a general
organization—the Nihonjinkai (Japan Society or, as sometimes translated, Japan Association).
The Watsonville Japan Society
According to United States immigration law dating back to 1790, immigrants from China and Japan were ineligible to
become naturalized citizens of the United States. Thus, though some of the Issei living in the Pajaro Valley had been
living in America since the late 1880s, they continued to be citizens of Japan. Children born to Issei couples in the United
States were American citizens, but the Issei were prevented from acquiring United States citizenship. As Japanese
citizens, the Issei continued to have obligations to the Japanese government, one of which was military service; during
the Sino-Japanese War (1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1905), the Japanese government drafted many of the
overseas Japanese. A number of the Issei living in California returned to Japan to join the Japanese army, but some of
the older Issei who had already established families and acquired responsibilities in the United States were reluctant to
return to Japan. The process for deferring Japanese military service involved filing periodic applications with the
Japanese Consulate in San Francisco, and it was the need for legal assistance in matters involving the requirements of
Japanese citizenship which led the Issei to form the Japan Society in Watsonville around 1910. The Society's primary
purpose was as a legal aid organization, assisting the Issei not only with military matters but with matters of
immigration.
The Japan Society also performed important social and cultural duties for the largely single male Issei population,
holding picnics and providing a forum where the members could meet and discuss common problems. As the number of
children grew in the Japanese community, the Japan Society sponsored a Japanese language school.
As anti-Japanese legislation at both the federal and state levels increased, the Japan Society's importance grew in the
community. Following the restriction of Japanese immigration in the Gentlemen's Agreement (1907–1908), the Japan
Society assisted its members in acquiring the necessary documents to travel to and from Japan as well as assisting in the
entry of picture brides. Japan Societies throughout California lobbied (unsuccessfully) against passage of the California
Alien Land Law in 1913, and following the passage of the law, Watsonville's Japan Society found it necessary to put their
property in the name of one of the Nisei [second generation] as the Issei could no longer legally own property in the
Pajaro Valley.
Members of Watsonville's Japan Society also saw the importance of fostering good will among the white population of
the Pajaro Valley. During the period 1910–1920, the Japan Society began entering a float in Watsonville's Fourth of July
parade, a tradition which has continued in the Japanese community to this day. Following the 1920 parade, the editor of
the Watsonville Evening Pajaronian mused:
Seems strange does it not that it remained for the Japanese whom we are endeavoring to get stopped from coming here,
or owning lands in our midst to put on such a fine patriotic float as the "Birth of the Flag," in the parade on our Fourth of
July celebration. It was a very fine effort and showed much artistry.
When the Japan Society discovered that they had not been paying their fair share towards the education of their
children in the Watsonville public schools (due to the Alien Land Law), they donated several thousand cherry trees as a
gesture of thanks to the community.
Much has been written about the success of the Issei despite the persistent social and legal discrimination they faced in
the United States during the early years of the twentieth century. We all need to be reminded, however, that the
3
�success came at a very high price. Dozens of Issei suicides are recorded in Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties before
World War II, attesting to the difficulties which faced the Issei pioneers in this strange and often hostile land. The Issei
knew better than anyone the difficulties which faced their Nisei children if they were to find a place in the American
mosaic, and it was this concern which inspired them to help their children organize the first Nisei organization in
Watsonville in the early 1930s.
The Watsonville Citizens League Formed (1934)
Nisei living in San Francisco had talked about forming an organization which would serve their particular needs as early
as 1919, but it was not until the late 1920s that the movement gained sufficient momentum and interest to sustain a
state-wide organization. In 1928, San Francisco Nisei formed the New American Citizens League in which it was stated
that "citizens of Japanese ancestry had many difficult problems confronting them which must be solved sooner or later."
The Nisei at that meeting agreed that they would still have to rely on the Issei for guidance, but "ultimately, the real
solution would have to be made by the second generation members." By the early 1930s, similar Nisei organizations
(though their names vary) were formed in Fresno, Seattle, San Jose, Salinas and Monterey.
In Watsonville, the impetus for a Nisei organization came from leaders of the Japan Society, and during the early 1930s,
Hatsusaburo Yagi, Ippatsu Jumura, Ennosuke Shikuma and Ennosuke Fukuba encouraged the younger Nisei to form an
organization similar to those being formed elsewhere in the state. Statewide Nisei leaders were invited to Watsonville in
1934, and after a meeting at which Dr. Thomas T. Yatabe, Walter Sakamoto and Susumu Togasaki came and explained
the purposes of such a Nisei organization, Watsonville's Nisei decided to organize. After some discussion about an
appropriate name for the organization, it was decided to call it the Watsonville Citizens League. Approximately 35
members were involved in the formation of the organization, and the first officers were Tom Matsuda, President; Bill
Shirachi, Treasurer; and Sam Hada, Secretary.
The Watsonville Citizens League (1934–1941)
During the first seven years, the organization was primarily a social club. The Japan Society passed the building of the
float to the Nisei organization. The floats emphasized patriotic themes, and using hundreds of fresh flowers, the Citizens
League designed floats involving George Washington, the Declaration of Independence and Commodore Matthew
Perry's opening of Japan.
Three short years following the formation of the organization, the Watsonville organization hosted the 2nd Biennial
Convention of the Northern California District Council of the Japanese American Citizens League. Held at the Resetar
Hotel in September, the convention was chaired by Dr. Harry Kita from Salinas, and twenty-four chapters gathered in
Watsonville to discuss topics ranging from the Science of Agriculture to Voting and Civic Participation. The highlight of
the convention was a trip to Seacliff Beach.
The activities of the Citizens League continued to be primarily social during the late 1930s, and the Japan Association
continued to provide the over-all leadership of Watsonville's Japanese community. Events developing in Asia and the
Pacific dramatically altered Watsonville's Japanese community; the younger Nisei found themselves suddenly thrust into
positions of leadership.
War
No one in the Watsonville Japanese community was prepared for the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor or the
events which quickly followed. Several days following the attack, Ichiji Motoki, Secretary for the Japan Association issued
a statement to the people of Watsonville pledging that the "local Japanese will give 100 percent support to any measure
which calls for loyalty and duty on the part of Americans." Despite those assurances, the FBI moved quickly to arrest and
imprison the Issei leadership. The first man arrested was Hatsusaburo Yagi, President of the Japan Association, and soon
4
�all the leaders of the Association were arrested except Motoki, who was determined to be a paid employee of the
organization and not an elected leader.
Through the remainder of December 1941 and into early 1942, as the United States government tried to decide what to
do about the Japanese communities on the west coast, a number of the Japanese families in Watsonville prepared to
move inland. Louis Waki remembered that the automobile wrecking yards were filled with members of the Japanese
community looking for parts with which to build trailers. Joe Morimoto began building a trailer to carry him and his
family's belongings to Fresno, but the trailer was never finished.
Several weeks following President Franklin Roosevelt's signing of Executive Order 9066 which gave the military
commander on the Pacific Coast the power to remove "any or all persons," General John DeWitt issued permission to
Japanese along the coast to move inland voluntarily. With their bank accounts frozen, few members of the Japanese
community along the coast had the resources to consider such a move, but when word of the voluntary evacuation plan
came to Watsonville in early March, 1942, the community met to consider moving inland.
They Almost Went to Idaho
With removal of the Issei leaders by the FBI, the Nisei leaders of the Watsonville Citizens League assumed leadership of
Watsonville's Japanese community. Faced with an uncertain and threatening future, the Watsonville Japanese met to
consider the government's offer to move voluntarily into the interior of the United States. Word had reached
Watsonville that a large apple orchard called the Mesa Orchard was for sale near Caldwell, Idaho. After a lengthy
discussion the Japanese community decided to investigate the apple orchard, and should it prove suitable, the entire
Japanese community would move there. Those community members able to afford it would put up what money they
could; those who did not have the cash would work off their obligation once the community resettled in Idaho.
A committee of several Nisei was commissioned to drive to Idaho and examine the property. Since Nisei were still able
to travel (Issei were restricted in their travel by that time), the men made the long trip to Idaho carrying with them the
responsibility for the future of the entire community. Meanwhile, the community began building trailers and wagons in
preparation for the move.
Mesa Orchard consisted of several hundred acres of apples, thirteen buildings including an apple dryer, packing house,
seven two-bedroom houses, and some old farming equipment and trucks. The soil, however, was much less than
suitable for apple production. Joe Morimoto recalls that "the soil was nothing but rocks, and you could see the roots of
the apple trees growing in and around them." A veteran apple packer, Joe Morimoto saw that the apple trees were
much smaller than those in the Pajaro Valley, and the prospects for a crop that would support the entire Watsonville
Japanese community were not good. The men drove back to Watsonville carrying the burden of the bad news about the
Mesa Orchard.
The community met to hear the report, and after hearing the description of the property, the Japanese community
decided not to purchase Mesa Orchard. A year later the community's good judgment was borne out as Morimoto heard
that the 1942 apple crop at Mesa Orchard was extremely small. "It was a good thing we decided not to go," says
Morimoto, "because that orchard would have killed us."
With the deadline for voluntary evacuation fast approaching (only 4,831 of the 114,222 persons of Japanese ancestry
migrated voluntarily), the Watsonville Japanese community under the leadership of the Watsonville Citizens League
decided to face whatever fate was in store for them from the federal Government. They did not have long to wait.
In April, 1942, General John DeWitt began issuing orders that all persons of Japanese ancestry were to be moved to
camps located in the interior. On April 27, 1942, the first group of Watsonville Japanese left for the Salinas Rodeo
Grounds where they would live until early July when the group was transferred to the permanent camp at Poston,
5
�Arizona. In all, 1,301 people of Japanese ancestry were removed from Santa Cruz County, the preponderant number
(71%) American citizens.
The Watsonville Citizens League was dispersed by the move to Arizona. With half the organization residing in Camp I and
the other half living three miles away in Camp II, the Citizens League ceased to meet. However, individual members of
the organization continued to provide service to the community wherever possible. Harry Yagi, War Relocation Authority
coordinator in Poston, returned to Watsonville in May, 1945, and opened an office to help returning evacuees find
housing and employment as they returned to the Pajaro Valley.
The national JACL was also weakened by the wartime incarceration. Many of its leaders were imprisoned in different
camps, and the Nisei community was divided over the policy of cooperation which the organization had adopted toward
the government's relocation policy. Despite a sizable decrease in national membership during the war years, the
national JACL continued to work tirelessly to end the wartime detention through lobbying, legal work, and the
publication of the organization's newspaper, the Pacific Citizen.
Return to Watsonville
The War Relocation Authority began closing the concentration camps in early 1945, and with the assistance of WRA staff
members such as Harry Yagi, the Japanese communities began to trickle slowly back to the Pacific Coast. By August
1945, seventy-seven Japanese had returned to Watsonville, but public sentiment was negative toward their return. In
September, 1945, the Pajaro Valley Chamber of Commerce and Agriculture did a survey in which it asked its members
their opinion about the return of the Japanese to the Pajaro Valley. In response to the question "Do you believe the
return of the Japanese may have harmful results both to the Japanese and to our own citizens, from a social
standpoint?" the membership voted three to one in the affirmative. When asked "Will local people employ persons of
the Japanese race?" the vote was five to one negative. Though the community at large may have had reservations about
the return of the Japanese, a number of individuals (T.S. MacQuiddy, Dr. O.C. Marshall and attorney John C. McCarthy,
for example) extended assistance to the Japanese community as it hesitantly returned to Watsonville in the fall of 1945.
For the next three years, the Japanese community tried to put the pieces of the community back together again, but it
was a difficult process. Families had been separated, leased farmland had been lost, belongings had been sold or
destroyed, and educational careers interrupted. It has been estimated that over one-third of the Japanese families living
in the Pajaro Valley in 1941 did not return to Watsonville. Thus, the community did not return intact and some of the
pre-war Watsonville Citizens League leadership had to be replaced. The first priority for the Japanese who returned to
the Pajaro Valley was to put together their shattered lives, so there was little thought immediately following the war
about resuming the Watsonville Citizens League.
The national JACL organization, however, roared out of the war years with tremendous vigor. In a convention held in
1945, the organization formulated a set of objectives which included pushing for naturalization rights for Issei,
reparations for losses incurred during the war, and repeal of the alien land laws. Under the leadership of Mike Masaoka,
the JACL began a campaign of lobbying in Washington to realize those goals.
Three years following their return, their lives beginning to return to some semblance of normalcy, a committee of
Watsonville Nisei held a meeting to consider the reorganization of the dormant Watsonville Citizens League.
The League Reorganized (1947–1948)
In the spring of 1947, a committee consisting of Cow Wada, Jimmy Izumizaki, Charlie Shikuma, Louis Waki, Walter
Hashimoto, Frank Uyeda, Harry Mayeda, Min Hamada, Hardy Tsuda, George Ura and Shig Hirano issued an invitation to
Watsonville's Nisei to form a "non-religious citizens organization" which would be a Nisei group to "carry on community
services." It was not until June, 1948, that a group met to discuss the reorganization of the Watsonville Citizens League.
6
�Like most Nisei following the war, the Watsonville Japanese Americans were still concentrating on resuming their lives,
which would explain why it took a year to gain enough interest to form an organization.
Chaired by Bill Fukuba, the newly-reorganized Watsonville Citizens League included Dr. Frank Ito, William Shirachi, Harry
Mayeda, Cow Wada, Min Hamada, John Ura, Bob Manabe, Louis Waki and Jean Oda. The first decision was something of
a symbolic one—to enter a decorated car in the Fourth of July parade, resuming a tradition begun by the Watsonville
Japan Society before the war. However, the committee also decided to purchase three subscriptions of the Pacific
Citizen and distribute them to the local community, as well as purchase a copy of Carey McWilliam's book, Prejudice, for
the Watsonville library. Though it may not appear momentous, the Watsonville Citizens League had begun one of its
most important tasks: that of providing information about the Japanese community to the general population of the
Pajaro Valley.
A second function performed by the WCL during 1948 and 1949 was to provide assistance to members of the
community wishing to file evacuee claims for losses sustained during the war. The League also investigated and
successfully allied itself with Blue Cross to provide health insurance for its members. Finally, the group assisted its
members in re-registering so they might vote in the 1948 elections.
The reorganized Watsonville Citizens League's activities marked a subtle but important departure from the pre-war
organization, as the group had expanded beyond its social-cultural concerns to political concerns. In February, 1949, the
organization authorized its President, Bill Fukuba, to write letters to Congressmen Anderson and Bramblett in support of
the bill to grant naturalization rights to Issei.
Though the Issei organization, the Japan Society, had not been active in Watsonville since the war, it was not until the
Society's property on Union Street was formally deeded over to the Watsonville Citizens League in April 1948 that the
leadership of the Watsonville Japanese community passed to the Nisei. The final vestige of the pre-war community
organization was dropped in November of 1949 when the Watsonville Citizens League formally became a chapter of the
Japanese American Citizens League (although legally the name of the Watsonville chapter remained Watsonville Citizens
League until 1964).
The Early 1950s—The Focus is Politics
During the early 1950s the concerns and activities of the Watsonville chapter of the Japanese American Citizens League
closely mirrored those of the national organization. The two primary concerns of the national organization were to
repeal the laws which continued to discriminate against the Issei (alien land laws, prohibition of naturalization) and to
assist returned evacuees in filing claims for property lost during the war.
The procedure established by the federal government for filing claims for property lost during the war was extremely
cumbersome and complicated. Though evacuees began filing claims soon after the war, the process was so long and
drawn out that the final claims were not settled until the mid-1960s. The national JACL worked diligently to streamline
the claim procedures and assist their local chapters. After successfully achieving what became known as the
"compromise" procedure (aimed at standardizing the estimating of property value), the national organization sent one
of its national officers, Saburo Kido, to Watsonville to explain the new procedures. In September, 1951, Kido spoke to
the assembled Watsonville Japanese community. Following Kido's visit, Bill Fukuba and Fred Nitta were appointed to
help claimants fill out the forms and send them on to Kido to be rechecked before they were filed with the federal
government. Though the exact extent of the losses suffered by the Japanese in the Pajaro Valley will never be known,
one government survey conducted by the Department of Agricultural Economics at the end of the war noted that 19 of
the 79 parcels of land owned by Japanese in Santa Cruz County had been sold to non-Japanese; the transfer amounted
to 20% of the total acreage owned by Japanese at the beginning of the war.
Next to the claims procedures, the most important issue facing the national JACL was the continued inability of Issei to
become naturalized citizens. Through the efforts of the JACL's Anti-Discrimination Committee, local chapters (including
7
�Watsonville) raised funds to assist the organization in its lobbying efforts to gain naturalization rights for all, irrespective
of race. In November, 1951, the Watsonville chapter raised $675 which it sent along to the national Anti-Discrimination
Committee. By early 1952, the Walter-McCarran Bill, a bill which included the naturalization rights for the Issei, was
making its way through the Congressional labyrinth, and the Watsonville JACL urged its members to write letters to
Congressman Jack Anderson urging him to support the bill. The bill was finally passed over President Truman's veto in
June, 1952, and represents one of the most important achievements of the JACL.
In a remarkable effort to measure the strength of its membership, the Watsonville chapter conducted a census of
Japanese and Japanese Americans in the Pajaro Valley in 1953, and that census provides a good measure for the
recovery of the population following the end of the war eight years earlier. The census counted 1,207 Japanese in the
Valley (compared to approximately 1,400 in the valley prior to the war); 23% were Issei, 45% Nisei, and 32% were Sansei
(third generation). Over 60% of the families counted were involved in agriculture, while 80% listed themselves as
Buddhist and the remaining 20% Christian.
Concern for the Issei and Sansei
Once the Issei were eligible for naturalization, the Watsonville chapter turned its attention to assisting those Issei
wishing to become citizens by setting up citizenship classes to prepare them for their citizenship examinations. As the
decade of the 1950s passed, however, the chapter became increasingly concerned for the well-being of the pioneer
generation which was steadily growing older. The Blue Cross health insurance plan was one of the ways the chapter
made certain that the health needs of the elderly would be taken care of. Efforts were also made to insure that the
contributions of the Issei pioneers would be preserved for future generations when, in 1962, the Watsonville chapter
collected over $3,000 towards the JACL Issei History project. Eventually, 47 biographies of local Issei were collected and
submitted to the national JACL for the project. Keiro dinners were sponsored by the JACL to honor the elderly Japanese
residents of the Pajaro Valley. In 1971 the chapter began looking for a place where Issei and older Nisei might have
meetings and gather socially. Tom Kizuka chaired the committee which looked for an appropriate site, and in July, 1971,
the Hayashi Boarding House on First Street was opened as a Senior Center. The local chapter made an annual payment
of $1,000 to the Senior Center besides paying the rent and utilities for the building. In the words of Fred Nitta, the center
and its activities were established to "show appreciation to the Japanese senior citizens in this valley who came to this
country many years ago as poor immigrants and have worked hard under unbearable conditions to lay a firm foundation
for their American-born children, Nisei, to enjoy today."
The Watsonville JACL also sponsored projects to encourage and assist the Sansei. Scholarships were established by the
Watsonville JACL at all the local high schools to recognize and assist Sansei as they went on to colleges and universities
throughout the country. A year-end barbecue honoring graduating seniors became a traditional way that the
Watsonville JACL said congratulations to the next generation of community leaders.
A Building for the JACL
Though the Watsonville JACL acquired the Japan Society's property on Union Street in the late 1940s, it was never
considered appropriate for holding meetings (the buildings were eventually demolished), and the JACL paid an annual
fee to the Watsonville Buddhist Church to hold their meetings there. During the mid-1970s, discussions began about
selling the property on Union Street and buying or building a JACL building in Watsonville. Eventually, the Assembly of
God Church on Blackburn Street was purchased for $55,000. Since the bank would not loan money to an organization
which had no income, it was necessary for the membership to pay cash for the building. On October 16, 1977, the goal
of $60,000 for the building was set and by April, 1978, a remarkable $71,195 had been pledged to cover the cost of the
new building. The building has served as a Japanese center and home for the JACL Senior Center.
Contributions to the Watsonville Community
8
�The Watsonville JACL did not limit its charitable concerns to the Japanese community, and the history of the
organization is filled with the contributions the organization made to community organizations and campaigns. The
Watsonville JACL's participation in the American Cancer Society fund-raising drives resulted in the organization receiving
the distinguished Order of the Golden Sword award in October, 1975. In 1967 the JACL contributed $628 to assist in the
restoration of the bandstand in Watsonville's downtown plaza. But, perhaps the most notable community fund-raising
drive came in 1965 during the establishment of Watsonville Community Hospital.
Watsonville desperately needed a new hospital, and a community-wide fund-raising campaign was carried out in 1965.
The Japanese American Citizens League spearheaded the fund-raising within the Japanese community, and when it was
finally tallied, 297 families of Japanese ancestry contributed over $40,000 to the hospital fund. On July 30, 1965, the
editor of the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian wrote a full-length editorial about those contributions and concluded,
"Our community is deeply in debt of these fine citizens." In recognition of the hospital fund-raising, as well as other
community-wide efforts, the Watsonville JACL was honored as 1968 Organization of the Year by the Watsonville
Chamber of Commerce and Agriculture. The public recognition of the JACL in 1968 was testimony to the hard work and
leadership provided by the Watsonville JACL, for it must be remembered that 23 years earlier the residents of the Pajaro
Valley had overwhelmingly opposed the return of the Japanese community from the concentration camps.
The Campaign for Redress
The wartime evacuation continued to occupy the attention of the national JACL. The organization successfully led the
fight to repeal the Internal Security Act passed in 1950 which empowered the government to arrest and imprison
American citizens without due process. In 1977 the national organization began pressing for redress and compensation
for the people of Japanese ancestry who had been torn from their homes and put into camps without due process.
Though the claims procedures had been concluded in the 1960s, the average settlement had been 10% of the amount
asked for based on the value of the dollar in 1941; the national JACL did not feel that either the compensation or the
legal justification made for relocation were sufficient.
The issue of redress did not have the unanimous support of the national JACL membership; some of the members felt
that the wartime evacuation issue had been laid to rest and should not be raised again. (A survey of the Watsonville
JACL membership overwhelmingly supported the redress movement.) Despite the disagreement, the national JACL went
forward to urge Congress to establish a commission to study the issue of redress. The commission was established by
President Jimmy Carter in July, 1980, and was formally titled The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of
Civilians. The commission held hearings and thoroughly researched the events leading to the evacuation orders of 1942,
and in June, 1983, issued its report recommending that those evacuees still living be compensated and that the
government formally apologize for its actions during the war.
Opinions about the issue of redress differed, as some Watsonville JACL members felt that the subject of wartime
evacuation would better be left dormant. Despite this difference, however, the local chapter voted to support the
national JACL redress committee, and one of its members testified before the commission when it held its hearings in
San Francisco. Also, members' written testimonies were submitted to the commission. In one of its first public gestures
regarding relocation, the Watsonville JACL received a resolution commemorating the anniversary of President
Roosevelt's signing of Executive Order 9066 from State Senator Henry Mello.
In February, 1984, in partnership with JACL chapters from Salinas, Monterey, San Benito County and Gilroy, the
Watsonville JACL co-sponsored placement of a plaque at the Salinas Rodeo Grounds where the Japanese communities of
the Monterey Bay Region were detained before being taken to concentration camps in the summer of 1942. The
Watsonville chapter also sponsored a public presentation at Cabrillo College by Judge William Marutani; Judge Marutani
was one of the members of the federal commission and was in the area to help dedicate the Salinas Rodeo Ground
plaque. For the first time in the history of the Watsonville JACL, the organization had taken their story of the wartime
9
�evacuation before the Santa Cruz County public, and several hundred people listened intently as judge Marutani
described the hearings which had been held throughout the United States.
On June 12, 1984, the Watsonville City Council and subsequently on June 26, 1984, the Santa Cruz County Board of
Supervisors, passed a resolution endorsing the findings and recommendations of the U.S. Commission on Wartime
Relocation and Internment of Civilians, and urging the Congress of the United States to enact HR 4110 and S 2116.
Conclusions
It is too early to say whether the Days of Remembrance observances of 1983 and 1984 mark a new, more assertive era
in the history of the Watsonville JACL. The activities dedicated to the community's senior citizens and younger
generation continue apace, however, and the community-wide participation of the JACL also continues. Over the years
the local chapter has had to walk between demands of a national organization which reflects a more urban, politically
active national membership and the needs of a predominantly rural Pajaro Valley community. The Watsonville JACL has
been able to skillfully balance the two, often acting as a conduit bringing information to its membership and the wider
community while tempering some of the information for a rural audience. In doing so, the Watsonville JACL has steadily
helped raise the consciousness of the entire Pajaro Valley. From its beginnings in 1934 as a primarily social organization,
the Watsonville JACL has changed to reflect the changing political and social landscape, and with the health and vigor
provided by divergent viewpoints, the Watsonville JACL begins its second half-century, continuing to enrich the lives of
all the citizens of the Pajaro Valley.
Sources
Copyright 1984 Sandy Lydon. Used with the permission of the author.
The content of this article is the responsibility of the individual author. It is the Library's intent to provide accurate local history
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please contact the Webmaster.
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�
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A Half-Century of Service: The Watsonville Japanese-American Citizens League, 1934-1984
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Lydon, Sandy
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1984
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Copyright 1984 Sandy Lydon. Used with the permission of the author.
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Japanese American Community
Watsonville Japanese-American Citizens League
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Pajaro Valley
Watsonville
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Local News Index
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An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
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<p>Mr. Fred Jenkins, Editor Watsonville Register-Pajaronian Watsonville, California.</p><p>Dear Sir:</p><p>In regards to your editorials regarding to the Japanese questions, I think you are an egotistical fool. Any man of your capacity who makes such unethical statements as you have been making should have no place in an American journalistic field. You should be over in Germany working for Hitler or in Japan working for Tojo.</p><p>Do you consider for a minute that we American citizens of Japanese ancestry are being treated fairly in being placed in a concentration camp, although it is not called concentration camp by our government, but theoretically it is? We didn't complain when we were placed in the camp. Constitutionally, it was illegal to place us in the camp without due process of law. You know that yourself. I suppose you are afraid to admit it. If you don't happen to know that, you better go back to school and start all over again from the first grade. I've often wondered if you read the constitution of the United States of America. I have read it, and I know what it means to me. I cherish it more than anything else.</p><p>Ever since our evacuation you have been condemning American citizens of Japanese ancestry. You think the war was caused by us citizens. As far as the war is concerned we had no more to do with it than any other American citizens. You ought to know that, if you don't I am telling you so now.</p><p>It may be that you are influenced by outside interests, which I don't doubt it a bit. There are such organizations as the American Legion and the Native Sons of Golden West which have been raising a lot of stench. You take the Legion, they are suppose to be the veterans of the last World War. What did they fight for - to preserve the rights of man and our ways of living wasn't it? What are the boys in our armed forces doing now, same thing all over again. There are thousands of Japanese in our armed forces, in case you don't know. I for myself have two brothers in the armed forces, and I am proud of it. I have one who is training for combat duty at Camp Shelby, Mississippi with the rest of the soldiers of the Japanese ancestry. They are proud to be serving the country of their birth. According to the commanding officers, they are just as good as any American soldiers, if not better. These officers are proud to be their commanders. Doesn't that speak well for the Japanese-American soldiers?</p><p>At the present time our government have been asking for volunteers for the combat duty. Considering the situations we are in, the number of volunteers have exceeded expectation. That speaks pretty well for itself. If these boys had no faith in America they would have not volunteered.</p><p>At the time when we are trying to help out by volunteering for armed forces or working on the farms in various part of the United States to help out in the war efforts, you are still belittling us. That is uncalled for. Are you working for the axis propagandists? Your writings should sound good to Berlin, Tokyo or Rome. Do you get any satisfaction in making fantastic statements in your paper concerning us?</p><p>In regards to the release of internees or evacuees, as we are called, from the relocation centers, which you have been making lot of rumpus about; I don't think you know what procedures we have to go through in order to get our permit to relocate. If you do know, you are keeping it away from your readers. We have to have our past records checked by the War Relocaton authority and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. After they check our records, if they find that we are all right, they will issue a leave clearance as soon as we find employment. By such process the loyal ones are separated from the disloyal ones; and only loyal ones are permitted to leave.</p><p>I don't think that you don't have to complain or worry about our release when the F.B.I. are taking care of it. They should know what to do better than you do. Anytime you should feel that you are capable of handling the Japanese questions better than the F.B.I., why don't you write to Mr. J. Edgar Hoover and apply for a job. He might be able to use you.</p><p>If you are a taxpayer, it might interest you to know that this fiscal year it is costing the government nearly 80 million dollars of the taxpayers' money just to operate the relocation centers. That is no chicken feed if you ask me. More the evacuees are released from the camps, the more it will relieve the taxpayers' burden, besides helping out the war effort so that the victory can come sooner.</p><p>Say Mr. Jenkins, why don't you come down to Poston and spend a week or so and look over the camp? I don't know if you have visited any of the War Relocation centers or not. If you haven't you should; it might alleviate your thoughts somewhat concerning us fellows who are interned here a little bit anyway. We are having a wonderful climate here now. The dust blows here so hard some days that sometimes you couldn't see more than few feet away from you. The sun is getting blistering hot now, just around hundred degrees or better during the hottest part of the day. Not bad, eh! All at the government's expenses.</p><p>The food is nothing to brag about. From what I have read in your paper as well as others, there seems to be an impression that we are being fed better than our armed forces. If it is true, I don't see how the soldiers can fight. If at any time you think we are being fed better than the armed forces, you better visit our camp and find out for yourself.</p><p>In closing let me remind you that the people like you are hampering with the government's effort to relocate us. Maybe you are enjoying yourself by butting into the government's affairs, but I don't think it will get you anywhere by bucking the government, for they are determined to go ahead with their relocation plans.</p><p>Yours truly, T. FUJITA Block 220-6A Colorado River Relocation Center Poston, Ariz., April 20, 1943</p>
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LN-1943-04-26-942
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<i>Watsonville Register-Pajaronian</i> , page 6
Date
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1943-04-26
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1940s
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A Letter From Poston<br />[Editorial]
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Wars-World War II
Evacuation (World War II)
Japanese American Community
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T. Fujita
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Copyrighted by the Watsonville Register-Pajaronian. Reproduced by permission.
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TEXT
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NEWS
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County at War
Minority Groups