["itemContainer",{"xmlns:xsi":"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance","xsi:schemaLocation":"http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5 http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5/omeka-xml-5-0.xsd","uri":"https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/browse?tags=Military&sort_field=Dublin+Core%2CTitle&sort_dir=a&page=2&output=omeka-json","accessDate":"2024-03-28T22:01:45-07:00"},["miscellaneousContainer",["pagination",["pageNumber","2"],["perPage","10"],["totalResults","32"]]],["item",{"itemId":"134389","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"20826"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/bd7f8d25e454a64ba0dca9b694d0dcb0.pdf"],["authentication","6a5f948fd7268b098f861ef418506a52"],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"7"},["name","PDF Text"],["description"],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"94"},["name","Text"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1899607"},["text","Go for Broke: 442nd Regimental Combat Team\nBy Tracy L. Barnett\n\nNisei unit fought with distinction—Japanese–American GIs recount stories of war\nWATSONVILLE—Nobody has to tell Tom Goto he's a hero. Long ago, he gave away the official recognition of his bravery:\na Purple Heart. He's not one to tell war stories. After 50 years, he still shakes his head quietly and says, \"I don't need to\nremember those things. I'd rather forget.\"\nLeft for dead with a belly full of shrapnel in the Vosges Mountains of France, Goto says it's enough to just be alive. The\nself-effacing silence of Goto and his companion of the \"Go For Broke\" 100th/442nd Regimental Combat Team kept a\ngeneration of Japanese–American heroes in the shadows of U.S. history for decades. Scores of the former members of\nthe most-decorated military unit in World War II came from Santa Cruz County, most from Watsonville.\nIt was members of the 442nd who shot the lock off the gate at Dachau; they fought their way through the Vosges\nMountains to rescue the \"Lost Battalion.\" They accomplished the deadly ambush of Italy's Gothic Line, climbing a cliff in\nsilence and total darkness as some fell to their deaths without uttering so much as a whimper.\nUntil now, they've kept their history folded away in the closet along with their medals. But the time has come for their\nstory to be told. \"I think the ice has been broken, and it's OK to talk now,\" said Terri DeBono, a Monterey filmmaker who\njust completed a documentary on the 442nd, \"Beyond Barbed Wire.\" The Film will cap off the Pacific Rim Film Festival\nwith a Monday screening at the Fox Theater in Watsonville, follow by a reception for the veterans.\n\"They're so full of humility, self-effacing; they give credit to everyone else but themselves,\" said DeBono. \"They'll tell you\nwhat their buddy did, but they won't tell you what they did.\"\nDeBono and her partner Steve Rosen, who directed the film, befriended Monterey veteran Yokio Sumida and his wife,\nMollie.\nYokio finally said, \"If we don' tell this story, who will?\"\nWe were just amazed at the story of these small men and what they were asked to do. They were put at the head of\nmany of the battles and were so determined prove their loyalty.\nThey were fighting like mad men. ... I can't believe we don't know this story, that it slipped by the pages of history.\nSome of the men went straight from the internment camps to the front lines. Others, like Santa Cruz native Henry Arao\nand Watsonville native Yoshio Fujita left their families behind in the camps to take on some of the War's most difficult\nand dangerous assignments.\nArao, who left behind his father, four brothers and two sisters in the Poston, Ariz. internment camp shrugs off the irony.\n1\n\n�\"We figured we wanted to show them that we were just as much an American as anyone else.\"\nEtched into his memory is the sight of companion Sadao Minamari, who threw himself onto a grenade to save his squad\nfrom almost certain death. Arao was only about 100 feet away at the time. Minamari received a posthumous Medal of\nHonor, America's highest military decoration.\nArao doesn't like to talk about it, but his own Distinguished Service Cross and Purple Heart are locked away in a safedeposit box. He received the honor for dashing out into a clearing to save the life of his wounded squad leader during\nthe fateful rescue of the Lost Battalion.\nIn \"The Lost Battalions: Going for Broke in the Vosges\" by Soquel resident Franz Steidl, the Alamo Regiment (so named\nbecause of their San Antonio origin) had been cut off for six days in the fall of 1944 without food and water in the heavy\nforests of the Vosges Mountains of eastern France. The 442nd was sent into the rugged terrain to rescue the surrounded\nsoldiers. A barrage of machine gun fire and mortars from the German troops on the hilltop rained down on the men,\ntaking them out in droves.\n\"The worst was the tree bursts,\" said Goto, describing the explosions of mortars in the treetops that rained hot metal\nand splinters down on the men. \"You can hear it whistling before it comes down, but by then it's too late.\"\nThe dense growth of the Vosges forest was legendary, lending a Vietnam-like quality to the nightmarish experience.\nThe big difference from Vietnam, however, was the bitter cold. Soldiers slept in the snow, were pelted by rain and\nimpeded by fog so thick they could barely see their hands in front of their faces. Soldiers suffered from frostbite and\ntrench foot so severe they could barely walk; some had to have their boots cut off when they finally made their way\nback.\n\"The daytime sun doesn't penetrate there; it's dark as hell,\" said Goto. \"We said, 'Go for Broke,' but there was really no\nalternative. There was no place else to go.\"\nThe battalion was left with three times as many casualties as the number of men they rescued. More than 100 were\nkilled in the four day charge.\n\"We were charging uphill all the time, and they [the Germans] were just sitting on the hill waiting for us with machine\nguns,\" said Arao \"They had the hills loaded with mines. If you walked in the wrong spot, you'd get your leg blown off—\nand a lot of men did. We actually didn't have a chance.\"\nArao, who became leader of his squad of 17 when his own squad leader was hit by a mortar burst has also been silent\nabout the ordeal for 50 years. Finally, with great deal of urging, he's begun to talk.\n\"I went into that deal with 17 men and only four made it out,\" he said. \"It just seems like it wouldn't be right to talk too\nmuch about it. I lost a lot of good people, but I was lucky enough to come home.\"\nJapanese–American soldiers during WWII had to fight two battles: one against the Nazis, the other against\ndiscrimination. As then-President Harry S. Truman put it, they won both.\nYoshio Fujita served as a scout and a communications man during the war, stringing miles of wire along the rough\nterrain to connect the telephones the troops used. He doesn't talk much about the internment camp where his family\nstayed, sleeping in converted horse stalls. But when he thinks of the unfair treatment his fellow Japanese Americans\nconfronted, his eye tear with the rage of injustice.\nThe signs were everywhere, even in his hometown of Watsonville: \"No Japs Allowed.\" He finally decided he couldn't take\nanymore. One day, before he was shipped overseas, he went into a restaurant to confront the owner:\n\"How come you've got that sign up?\" he demanded of the first person he saw, a waiter.\n2\n\n�\"Can't you read? It means what it says,\" retorted the man.\n\"I can read,\" Fujita responded evenly. \"But I'm going to go over protect your hide, and you'd better take that damned\nthing down or you're not going to have any windows and doors left in this place. I'm going to tear them all down.\"\nFujita served in the 522nd Field Artillery unit of the 442nd, the unit that opened the gates at Dachau, freeing the Nazi\nconcentration camp victims. He never saw the camp, because he was one of the ones sent ahead, but he heard the\nstories. He confronted a well-dressed Jew on the streets before the rescue and asked him how he came to be free.\n\"I'm not like those stupid ones in the camp who opposed Hitler,\" said the man, as Fujita recalls it. \"I work with the Nazis,\nand I'm fat and happy and I smoke good cigars.\"\nFujita's eyes tear again with disbelief. \"I don't understand how he could live with himself,\" he said.\nThe 100th/442nd Regimental Combat Team was 4,500 strong, but members received 18,143 individual decorations for\nbravery, including nearly 10,000 Purple Hearts. Thirty-eight members of the team came from Santa Cruz County, of a\ntotal of nearly 100 Santa Cruz County residents who served during World War II.\nNearly 20 of them served in military intelligence, using their linguistic skills to penetrate enemy lines, break secret codes,\ntranslate documents and perform a variety of other tasks. Two were the brothers of retired Watsonville High School\nhistory teacher Mas Hashimoto, who served out the war in the internment camps.\nHashimoto said he has been trying to get local vets to tell their story for years. He doesn't mince words when he speaks\nof the treatment of the Nisei, the first-generation American-born children of Japanese parents, during the war. The\n442nd was used as cannon fodder, he believes, time and time again being sent into situations deemed too dangerous for\nwhite soldiers.\n\"They were expendable,\" said Hashimoto. \"At first no one wanted the Japanese Americans. Again and again, they got\nthe dirty jobs.\"\nHashimoto tells the story of Merle's Marauders, the Nisei troops who parachuted into the jungles of Burma. Fourteen\nNisi linguists were among them.\n\"They were the ones who not only captured Japanese documents and translated them, they endured unbelievable\ncasualties; of 2,000 guys, only about 200 survived. They went through hundreds and hundreds of miles of jungle and\nwent beyond what anyone could be expected to endure.\"\nHis brother, Tadashi Hashimoto on detached service to the Marine Corps, served in the Pacific Islands and Japan. Serving\nin the islands was especially difficult for Japanese–Americans, who were fired on by both sides: the Japanese, who saw\ntheir American uniforms, and the Americans, who saw their Japanese features.\n\"He was good at interrogating the prisoners, at getting them loosen up and talk about their commanders and regiment,\"\nsaid Hashimoto. \"He didn't wear a helmet, because he didn't want to shot by his Marine buddies. And at night he was to\nstay in the tent and come out only in daylight; otherwise, he'd be shot.\"\nTo DeBono, the men of the 442 have marked a unique place in history.\n\"These are not war stories; to me it's the story of the human spirit,\" she said, \"We're talking about matters of the heart\nhere.\"\n\n3\n\n�Sources\n\n\nThis article originally appeared in the Santa Cruz County Sentinel, April 27, 1999 (p. 1) and is copyrighted by\nthe Sentinel. It is used here with permission.\n\nThe content of this article is the responsibility of the individual author. It is the Library's intent to provide accurate local history\ninformation. However, it is not possible for the Library to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a\nvariety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are incorrect and can provide documentation,\nplease contact the Webmaster.\n\n4\n\n�"]]]]]]]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"8"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123576"},["text","Santa Cruz History Articles"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123577"},["text","Original articles by library staff and by local authors and material from historical books. "]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264219"},["text","Articles on Santa Cruz County history, many with illustrations, are available here.\r\n\r\nThe Santa Cruz Public Libraries is grateful to our local historians and their publishers for giving permission to include their articles. The content of the articles is the responsibility of the individual authors.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264220"},["text","It is the library's intent to provide accurate information. However, it is not possible to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a variety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in an article are incorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264216"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries\r\n"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"1"},["name","Document"],["description","A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892109"},["text","Paper"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892100"},["text","AR-101"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892101"},["text","Go for Broke: 442nd Regimental Combat Team"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892102"},["text","Barnett, Tracy L."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892103"},["text","Santa Cruz County Sentinel, April 27, 1999 (p. 1)"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892104"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892105"},["text","4/27/1999"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892106"},["text","Text"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892107"},["text","En"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892108"},["text","ARTICLE"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892110"},["text","Copyright 1999 by the Santa Cruz Sentinel. Used with permission."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892989"},["text","Japanese American Community"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892990"},["text","Wars-World War II"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892991"},["text","US Armed Forces-Army"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892992"},["text","Veterans"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892993"},["text","Watsonville"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892999"},["text","1940s"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"34"},["name","Military"]],["tag",{"tagId":"22"},["name","Minority Groups"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"9489","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"11288"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/92eda5eec8e1da66e36c8d5d7a97b111.jpg"],["authentication","58a3772a8c9427f9f45dbb092587d43d"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"9"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"127597"},["text","Photograph Collection"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"267482"},["text","Photographs from the 1860's to the 2000's, documenting the history of Santa Cruz County.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840003"},["text","See the About sectionfor the library's reproduction policy and restrictions on use."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840004"},["text","Various sources were used to identify persons, events, and places. Citations to print sources were abbreviated. See the About section for a list of sources used."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840000"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"6"},["name","Still Image"],["description","A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type \"text\" to images of textual materials."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"232311"},["text","B&W"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"10"},["name","Physical Dimensions"],["description","The actual physical size of the original image."],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"232312"},["text","7\" x 4 1/4\""]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"232306"},["text","LH-0228"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"232307"},["text","Interior of the Armory(?)"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"232308"},["text","Interior of the Armory(?), decorated with plants for an unknown event."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"232309"},["text","Source of information: Notes on back of photo"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"232310"},["text","Santa Cruz (City)"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"232313"},["text","This photograph is the property of the Santa Cruz Public Libraries, California."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"232314"},["text","Restrictions on Use"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"232315"},["text","Armory"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"232322"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"232323"},["text","Image"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"232324"},["text","En"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"232325"},["text","PHOTO"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"24"},["name","Buildings"]],["tag",{"tagId":"34"},["name","Military"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"134390","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"20827"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/12412d1e04b3a8e8a0407dd069ffd51b.pdf"],["authentication","9d7fd20c507c0578fea9680351171139"],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"7"},["name","PDF Text"],["description"],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"94"},["name","Text"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1899608"},["text","Male Notte:\nThe Untold Story of Italian Relocation During World War II\nBy Geoffrey Dunn\n\nOn a quiet evening in February of 1942, fifty years ago this coming month, Celestina Batistina Loero, my great\ngrandmother, was greeted at the doorstep of her clapboard home on Laguna Street by two agents of the Department of\nJustice. A native of northern Italy and 78 years of age at the time, she spoke no English, while the federal agents spoke\nno Italian, much less the regional Genoese dialect that was the common tongue of the Santa Cruz–Italian fishing colony.\nA granddaughter who lived next door was summoned to serve as a translator.\nAs an \"enemy alien\" living in what had recently been declared \"a restricted area\" by the Western Defense Command of\nthe United States Army, my great grandmother was told that she was in violation of recently passed federal law. The\nagents informed her that she had 48 hours to move herself and her belongings inland of Highway 1 (Mission Street) or\nthat she would be subject to immediate arrest.\nBarely weighing 100 pounds, the mother of two sons and two grandsons currently serving in the U.S. Navy, my great\ngrandmother could hardly have been a threat to the U.S. war effort against the Axis powers. She had lived on the same\nplot of land for nearly a half-century and rarely ventured more than a few blocks away. But move she did, to a room on\nHigh Street, where she was to live for the remainder of the year.\nMy great grandmother was in her nineties when I was a small child, but I have vivid memories of her strong, busy hands,\nalways seeming to be at work in her vegetable garden or in her kitchen. She had an ever-present smile, she enjoyed her\nafternoon beer and red wine, and she loved to hold me and my young cousins in her lap and play games with our hands.\nOccasionally she would break out into tears, and when she did, she would mumble something about \"la male notte\" (the\nbad night), about which we children knew nothing—and would know nothing for years and years to come.\nIt was nearly a quarter century later, long after she had died, that I stumbled across news of my great grandmother's\nforced relocation while researching some World War II history in the pages of the Santa Cruz Sentinel. For the first time,\nI understood the meaning of \"la male notte,\" the sad night she had been forced to move from the safety and comfort of\nher home. I also discovered that she had not been alone. Scores of other Santa Cruz–Italians were also relocated in the\nfirst months of the war, as were thousands of other Italian immigrants along the West Coast. Many others were arrested\non dubious charges and sent to prison or to inland internment centers run by the Immigration Service.\nIt has long been an historical misconception that Executive Order 9066, issued by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt\non February 19 of 1942, applied only to Japanese (and Japanese–Americans) living in the western states. Such was not\nthe case—at least not at first.\n\n1\n\n�As Humboldt State University historian Stephen Fox has pointed out in his fascinating book, The Unknown Internment:\nAn Oral History of the Relocation of Italian Americans During World War II, in the early months of the war, Lieutenant\nGeneral John L. De Witt, commanding general of the Fourth Army and Western Defense Command in San Francisco,\ninterpreted the order to include all so-called \"enemy aliens\"—Italians and Germans, along with the Japanese. Indeed,\nDeWitt, paranoid about so-called \"fifth column\" activities (spying by enemy nationals) pushed for the forced relocation\nof all \"enemy aliens.\" It was only in the ensuing months, for reasons that are far more complex than simple racism, that\nthe treatment of the Japanese would become more heinous than their Italian and German counterparts. Nevertheless,\nof the 25,655 \"enemy aliens\" arrested during the war, 14,426 (or 55 percent) were Italians and Germans.\nIn recent years, the Japanese relocation during World War II has become so widely publicized in the media that it has\novershadowed the lesser, albeit terrible, plight of Italian and German immigrants during the War—so much so that the\nlatter has been forgotten by history and, in many cases, denied. A recent article on the Japanese internment in the San\nFrancisco Examiner declared, \"The United States was also at war with Hitler and Mussolini, but no Italians or Germans\nwere sent to concentration camps.\" Not true.\nThe Japanese bombs that destroyed Pearl Harbor and President Franklin Roosevelt's subsequent declaration of war in\nDecember of 1941 rocked communities along the west coast out of their political slumber. Until then, the gloomy events\nin Europe and Asia had appeared vague and distant, particularly to those engaged in agricultural and commercial fishing\nactivities throughout the largely rural west. Santa Cruz was no exception.\nThe events of December 7, 1941, changed all that. Almost immediately, local residents of Japanese descent, previously\nambivalent about the Asian-Pacific conflict, declared their allegiance to the U.S. war effort. At a dinner given at the St.\nGeorge Hotel on December 8 by the Japanese Association of Santa Cruz, association president Tommy Kadotani told\nlocal officials in attendance, \"We are yours to command in this emergency.\"\nAcross the country in Washington that same evening, President Roosevelt ordered the arrest of all Italian, Japanese and\nGerman aliens who the FBI and other federal agencies deemed \"dangerous to American security.\" Within 72 hours,\n3,846 aliens were arrested—most of them, Italian. Less than two weeks later, General DeWitt was recommending that\nall enemy aliens 14 years of age and older be removed to the interior. He was supported by the FBI's resident\nxenophobe, J. Edgar Hoover.\nFor a short time, the Justice Department resisted the pressures mounting from De Witt, Hoover and the War\nDepartment, and proposed a more moderate alien policy. By mid-January, however, with the war effort deteriorating in\nthe Pacific, the moderate voices at Justice caved in and the War Department announced that it was constructing\ninternment camps for \"all classes of enemy aliens.\" In late January, DeWitt submitted an extensive lists of \"restricted\nzones\" which were prohibited to all enemy aliens—German, Italian and Japanese alike.\nWith its large populations of farmers and fishermen of Japanese and Italian descent, the Monterey Bay area was of\nparticular concern to DeWitt and the War Department. By January 25 of 1942, all areas west (or oceanside) of Highway 1\nin Santa Cruz and Monterey counties were declared \"restricted\" to all \"enemy aliens\" (with curfew, travel and residence\nrestrictions enforced). Local German, Italian and Japanese immigrants who had not yet declared American citizenship\nwere forced to move out of the \"restricted\" areas by February 24, after which time they would also be subjected to a 9\np.m. curfew and permitted to travel only between their homes and place of employment. Signs were placed throughout\nthe county boldly announcing:\n\"ENEMY ALIENS PROHIBITED AREA NO. 28. The United States Government requires all aliens of German, Italian or\nJapanese nationality to vacate this area.\"\nIt was estimated that 1,500 local residents would be affected by the decree.\n\n2\n\n�The Santa Cruz Sentinel quickly jumped on the relocation bandwagon. In an editorial dated February 3, the local daily\nreasoned: \"The United States can take no chances by trying to pick for exclusion only those aliens who are known\nenemies. All aliens originating from countries with which we are at war [should] be banned from the defined areas.\"\nFor Italian fishermen working at the Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf, restrictions on their activities were enforced\nimmediately after the Pearl Harbor bombing. The day following FDR's declaration of war, a dozen Italian nationals were\nno longer allowed to take their boats out to sea. The restricted fishermen included Stefano Ghio, Giovanni Olivieri,\nMarco Carniglia, Batista and Frank Bregante, Serafino Canepa, Niccolo Bassano, Giacomo Stagnaro, Agostino Oliveri,\nFortunado Zolezzi, Johnnie Stellato, and Johnnie Cecchini. Their plight became well publicized. In a front-page article\nwith banner headlines, the Santa Cruz Sentinel declared: \"Fishermen With 23 Sons in Army and Navy Are Bound to\nWharf While Boats Lie Idle and Sea Food Is Needed.\"\nThe article, more than likely written by the Sentinel's legendary waterfront reporter Ernest Otto, was sympathetic\ntowards the fishermen and also noted the confusion and inequities of the government's relocation efforts:\n\"With its problem of separating fifth columnists from peaceful and worthy residents of foreign birth, the Department of\nJustice has had no time to work out formulae which will safeguard the nation and at the same time allow such men as\nSanta Cruz's fishermen to earn a living for their families and add to the country's food supply.\"\nLocal Italian activists Mary Carniglia and Malio Stagnaro, along with Santa Cruz judge James J. Scoppetone of the\nMarconi Civic Service club, wrote letters to government officials on behalf of the restricted fishermen, many of whom\nwere their relatives and all of whom lived either in the Italian neighborhoods of lower Bay Street or in the flats east of\nNeary Lagoon. Monterey Bay area congressmember John Anderson responded to these early pleas with typical political\naplomb: \"I am doing everything I can to bring the [fishermen's] trustworthiness to the attention of proper authorities,\nand I earnestly hope that a policy will be adopted which will permit your people to return to their normal way of living.\"\nOne of the local fishermen prevented from going to sea was Stefano Ghio, father of veteran Santa Cruz fisherman Victor\nGhio.\n\"Here I was in the Navy,\" Ghio says. \"I had another brother in the Navy and another brother in the Army, and they do\nthis to my father? It was a bunch of B.S., a lot of B.S. I talked to my superiors about it, but hell, there was nothing they\ncould do. They told me to do my duty and that was it. It's too bad, that's all. My dad and some of the rest lost some good\nfishing seasons, I'll tell you that.\"\nVictor's older brother, Stevie (\"Ghighi\") Ghio, recalls coming home from leave during the spring of 1942 and not being\nable to find his parents, who had been forced to relocate inland.\n\"I came home to the Barranca (the Italian neighborhood),\" he says, \"and I couldn't find my folks or my aunts and uncles.\nAll the houses were boarded up shut. I couldn't find anybody. Finally, I went down to the police station and they told me\nwhat had happened. I was still in my Navy uniform. They looked through some records and found out where they were.\nSo one of the officers drives me up to where my folks had been moved. They were all so happy to see me, and my\nmother says, 'I was worried you wouldn't find us,' and she started to cry. It was pretty upsetting. They'd lived here 30, 40\nyears, and to have this happen to them—well, it just wasn't right, but there wasn't much we could say.\"\nItalian artichoke and Brussels sprouts farmers on the north coast of the county were also hit hard by the early\nrestrictions. \"The growers are definitely facing a labor shortage,\" declared Luis Poletti, head of the Davenport Producers\nAssociation. \"It hits pretty hard. I don't know how we're going to replace them in the fields, but we'll have to.\"\nThe relatively small German community in Santa Cruz also felt the impact of the restrictions and impending relocation.\nAs depicted by John Steinbeck in his novel East of Eden, anti-German sentiment was particularly virulent along the\nCentral Coast during World War I, and in Santa Cruz it was downright nasty. On February 13, the body of German\nnational George M. Heckel was found on a beach near Woodrow Avenue. Despondent over his impending relocation\n3\n\n�and not wanting to suffer through hostilities like those 20 years earlier, the 73-year-old native of Germany walked out\ninto the surf and committed suicide. At least four other similar suicides, by both Italians and Germans, in the San\nFrancisco Bay area took place in the early weeks of February.\nThe periodic announcements coming from the Justice and War departments, many of them contradictory, had the effect\nof putting the local Japanese, Italian and German communities on edge. No one here knew for sure what exactly was\ngoing on—and in reality, no one in Washington knew what was going on, either. Various departments and competing\nbureaucracies established policy one day, only to have it overruled and contradicted by another the next. Looking back\non them from the vantage point of 50 years, the daily reporting of those activities reads something like a Kafakaesque\nnovel. Back then, they must have been a pure nightmare.\nOn February 1, for instance, a Sentinel headline declared: \"No Zones Barred to Enemy Aliens In This County.\" A few day\nlater, another headline declared: \"New Alien Rules Are Outlined,\" the accompanying article affirming that \"no enemy\naliens may live, work or visit\" the restricted areas in the county. The following day, headlines reported \"No Exceptions\nfor Santa Cruz Aliens: Confusion [Here] After First Order.\" The article went on to read:\n\"Italian, Japanese and German aliens in Santa Cruz may have harbored a hope that some disposition would come to\nexclude them from the evacuation order, had those hopes completely quashed Tuesday in a Justice Department\nannouncement that 'no exceptions' would be made.\n\"There will be no relaxation of regulations to permit the aged and infirm, or those Axis aliens living with citizen sons and\ndaughters, to remain in the area.\"\nA few weeks later, the entire county was declared \"prohibited\" to Italian, Japanese and German nationals and vast areas\ninland extending throughout the Central Valley were deemed \"restricted.\" Headline after headline in between\nemphasized the urgency of the \"enemy alien\" issue.\nLocal Italians did not take the restrictions lightly. Many violated them flagrantly, while others vowed to have them\noverturned. In an interview with Elizabeth Calciano conducted for UCSC's Regional History Project, Malio Stagnaro, who\nserved as a chief boatswain in the Navy during the war, recalled a trip he took to San Francisco to confront General\nDeWitt about the hardships his policies were creating. Stagnaro, a longtime spokesman for the Italian community on the\nwharf, characterized DeWitt as a \"damn fool,...a complete nut, in my opinion.\"\n\"I went up to DeWitt to try to talk to him,\" Stagnaro recalled, \"and he wouldn't listen to any reason whatsoever, to\nnothing. Everybody to him was an enemy that wasn't an American citizen. I said, 'General, these are the greatest people\nin the world.' 'Well!' he says. 'Why didn't they become citizens?' I said, 'General, they never had the opportunity; never\nhad an opportunity to learn; they raised big families, and they stayed at home.'\"\nDeWitt was unmoved.\nAnother vocal opponent of the alien restrictions was Mary Carniglia, the matriarch of the local fishing colony, whose\nhusband, Marco, was prohibited from fishing and was facing relocation, while her eldest son, John, was serving in the\nNavy.\n\"The kids are asking their parents, 'What are they going to do to you?' The smaller children can't understand,\" Carniglia\ndeclared in a lengthy interview with the Sentinel. \"The adult Italians have such faith in the government, they say it's all\npaper talk. But it hurts. My people have lived here in the same houses for three generations, and I'm going into a fourth\ngeneration. I'm a citizen, but my husband is not.\n\"My people are proud to be in America. Their coming here gave them a taste of paradise. They aren't disloyal. If the\ngovernment can show disloyalty, then they should be punished. I wouldn't fight for them if I thought they weren't loyal.\nBut I know they are.\"\n4\n\n�Carniglia battled to have the local fishermen allowed to return to their livelihoods. She also fought against\n\"racketeering\" by local landlords who she felt were taking advantage of the relocation controversy. She charged that in\nsome cases landlords were hiking rents, while others were refusing to rent to families with children. She also charged\nthat deposits were being stolen. \"If we're all helping toward the aim of victory,\" she queried local Realtors, \"why should\nthese [landlords] throw the monkey wrench in at this time? Why crush these unfortunate people with further blows?\"\nSanta Cruz Realtor, Joseph Jacoby, defended his profession against Carniglia's charges. Local landlords, he declared,\nwere merely charging what the \"market will bear.\" He also suggested that\n\"Italians were taking advantage of the situation...One Italian paid a $5 deposit, then came back to say he didn't want the\nhouse—with renting days having passed—and received his money back. This happened in two instances. In still another,\nthe Italians made an appointment to view the house, then never showed up because the rent was too high.\"\nCarniglia, however, had none of Jacoby's explanation. She called for an emergency rent-control measure to protect the\ndislocated residents. \"People should have more love and wisdom,\" she declared. \"These narrow-minded people are\ntaking advantage of these unfortunates.\" A rent-control measure was never adopted, but the racketeering crisis\neventually passed.\nFor Japanese residents, both citizens and non-citizens alike, their crisis was just beginning. As the February 24 relocation\ndeadline neared, it was becoming more and more apparent that the Japanese were starting to be singled out by\ngovernment activities, both in Washington and on the West Coast. Beginning February 9, Sentinel headlines read: \"FBI\nArrests 20 Japs in Monterey Bay Territory.\" Most of those arrests took place in Monterey and Salinas, but federal agents\nalso swept Watsonville, where Ben Torigoe, owner of a sporting goods store was picked up for being in possession of a\ndozen shotguns, a camera, an alleged \"illegal radio,\" and so-called \"subversive literature\" that had been published in\nJapan. Three Buddhist priests were also arrested in the raids.\nOn February 21, two days following the signing of Executive Order 9066, hundreds of aliens—119 Japanese, 54 Italians\nand 9 Germans—were arrested throughout California, though in Santa Cruz County, arrests were limited to two\nJapanese residents, Tommy Kadotani and T. Kai, both active members of the Santa Cruz Japanese association. Kadotani,\na native of Santa Cruz who, ironically, had grown up on the fringes of the Italian fishing colony on Bay Street, was a\nwidely respected local florist and gardener. Both he and Kai were charged with raising monies that \"eventually found\ntheir way to the Japanese Imperial army,\" charges that were never substantiated and which Kadotani denied. (Years\nlater, when Kadotani and I were fishing on his boat Sake one afternoon, I gently tried to broach the topic of his arrest.\nKadotani politely, though sternly, informed me that there was nothing to talk about, save fishing.) Kadotani and Kai were\nshipped to San Francisco for questioning by the FBI and didn't return to Santa Cruz until the end of the war.\nThat weekend, FBI agents arrested ten more Japanese residents in Watsonville, including grocer Keijuro Sugiyama, apple\ndriers Charles and Frank Huira, and farmer Saikichi Yamamoto. At the same time, 16 Italians were arrested in Salinas.\nThe following Monday, an event that helped codify anti-Japanese feelings took place in Goleta, near Santa Barbara,\nwhere a Japanese submarine fired 25 shells at an oil refinery just off the coast. Damage was minimal, but the boldness of\nthe attack created a panic along the west coast. That shelling, combined with lingering animosity from the Pearl Harbor\nbombing and longstanding anti-Asian prejudices dating back to the 19th Century, led to stepped up calls for the removal\nof all Japanese from the western halves of California, Oregon and Washington. The local chapter of the Native Sons of\nthe Golden West, headed by president Tom Kelley, passed a resolution calling for the ouster of all residents of Japanese\ndescent, while in Washington, D.C., Congressmember Anderson demanded \"immediate evacuation of all persons of\nJapanese lineage.\"\nThen California Attorney General Earl Warren, later to become both governor and Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme\nCourt, was a vociferous proponent of Japanese relocation. \"When we are dealing with the Caucasian race we have\n5\n\n�methods that will test the loyalty of them,\" Warren opined. \"But when we deal with the Japanese, we are on an entirely\ndifferent field.\"\nIn addition to such overtly racist sentiments, there were also political factors preventing Italian (and German) relocation.\nMounting pressures from Democratic politicians in East Coast cities, particularly New York, Philadelphia and Boston—all\nwith large Italian populations—had a powerful effect in swaying the president and his staff against mass Italian\ninternment on the West Coast. There were no such Japanese strongholds in the east; in Hawaii, however, where there\nwere 140,000 Japanese nationals (constituting 37 percent of the population), the Japanese were neither relocated nor\ninterned. Even though such actions would have appeared even more congruent with strategic concerns, the political and\neconomic implications of such a move would have been overwhelming. The Japanese were only vulnerable on the\nmainland.\nThus, by late March, the idea of evacuating Italian and German residents out of the state was losing support, while the\nmovement to relocate all Japanese residents gained momentum. In the ensuing five months, more than 100,000\nJapanese—70 percent of them U.S. citizens—were forcibly removed to inland concentration camps, beginning one of\nthe greatest tragedies in American history. (At the same time, the all-Japanese 442nd Regimental Combat team, drafted\nout of the internment camps and Hawaii, became the most decorated unit of World War II.)\nAs the spring of 1942 turned into summer, General DeWitt's promise to follow the Japanese evacuation with those of\nthe estimated 114,000 Italian and 97,000 German aliens in the western states never materialized. Slowly and gradually,\nlife returned to normal for the Italian fishing colony in Santa Cruz—although certain travel, work, and residency\nrestrictions in the coastal zones continued through the duration of the war.\nOn Columbus Day, October 12, 1942, in a move designed purely to generate political support, FDR had his Attorney\nGeneral, Francis Biddle, announce that Italian nationals in the U.S. would no longer be classified as \"enemies.\" Back in\nCalifornia, General DeWitt reluctantly lifted all military restrictions on Italians. (He lifted them for Germans the following\nJanuary.)\nIn Santa Cruz, the majority of Italian nationals forced to move from their Italian neighborhoods in the coastal zone were\nallowed to return to their homes. My great grandmother was among them. Her \"male notte\" was over.\nLittle of what the Italians suffered through compares to, nor in any way diminishes, what their Japanese neighbors were\nforced to endure, but suffer, still, they did. For the most part, the Italians went back to their daily routines as they had\nbeen before the war—though as they soon learned, their lives, like the world they lived in, would never be the same.\n\nSources\n\n\nCopyright 1996 Geoffrey Dunn. Reproduced with the permission of the author.\n\nThe content of this article is the responsibility of the individual author. It is the Library's intent to provide accurate local history\ninformation. However, it is not possible for the Library to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a\nvariety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are incorrect and can provide documentation,\nplease contact the Webmaster.\n\n6\n\n�"]]]]]]]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"8"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123576"},["text","Santa Cruz History Articles"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123577"},["text","Original articles by library staff and by local authors and material from historical books. "]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264219"},["text","Articles on Santa Cruz County history, many with illustrations, are available here.\r\n\r\nThe Santa Cruz Public Libraries is grateful to our local historians and their publishers for giving permission to include their articles. The content of the articles is the responsibility of the individual authors.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264220"},["text","It is the library's intent to provide accurate information. However, it is not possible to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a variety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in an article are incorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264216"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries\r\n"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"1"},["name","Document"],["description","A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892119"},["text","Paper"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892111"},["text","AR-104"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892112"},["text","Male Notte: The Untold Story of Italian Relocation During World War II"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892113"},["text","Dunn, Geoffrey"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892114"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892115"},["text","1996"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892116"},["text","Text"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892117"},["text","En"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892118"},["text","ARTICLE"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892120"},["text","Copyright 1996 Geoffrey Dunn. Reproduced with the permission of the author."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892994"},["text","Italian American Community"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892995"},["text","Wars-World War II"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892996"},["text","Evacuation (World War II)"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892997"},["text","Santa Cruz (County)"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892998"},["text","1940s"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"34"},["name","Military"]],["tag",{"tagId":"22"},["name","Minority Groups"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"10164","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"11963"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/ed89442dac0971c81a3836b15b3893a4.jpg"],["authentication","d558d7057275c4803dbc5aafc244195d"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"9"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"127597"},["text","Photograph Collection"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"267482"},["text","Photographs from the 1860's to the 2000's, documenting the history of Santa Cruz County.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840003"},["text","See the About sectionfor the library's reproduction policy and restrictions on use."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840004"},["text","Various sources were used to identify persons, events, and places. Citations to print sources were abbreviated. See the About section for a list of sources used."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840000"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"6"},["name","Still Image"],["description","A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type \"text\" to images of textual materials."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"247796"},["text","B&W"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"10"},["name","Physical Dimensions"],["description","The actual physical size of the original image."],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"247797"},["text","4 1/2\" x 7 1/2\""]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"247791"},["text","LH-SCM047"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"247792"},["text","Military (?) band at Camp Boston (?)"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"247793"},["text","Military (?) band at Camp Boston. (?)"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"247794"},["text","Source of information: Museum of Natural History"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"247798"},["text","This photograph is courtesy of the Santa Cruz City Museum of Natural History."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"247799"},["text","Restrictions on Use"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"247800"},["text","Music and Musicians"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"247808"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"247809"},["text","Image"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"247810"},["text","En"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"247811"},["text","PHOTO"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"19"},["name","Arts and Entertainment"]],["tag",{"tagId":"34"},["name","Military"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"11214","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"13644"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/fdfd759591cbe4562ae2e3c02e3b388b.jpg"],["authentication","76082914ea9b456f7bc2f37d073bbe8a"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"4"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"109943"},["text","Snapshot Stories"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"267484"},["text","Photographs with a unique perspective on local history, collected from county residents.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839997"},["text","Most of these photographs were gathered during a series of public events between 2013 and 2016. In most cases the photos are the property of the contributors. Please contact the library regarding the rights for reproduction."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1839996"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"6"},["name","Still Image"],["description","A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type \"text\" to images of textual materials."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"268202"},["text","Photo"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"10"},["name","Physical Dimensions"],["description","The actual physical size of the original image."],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"268464"},["text","5x7"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"268194"},["text","Military Service"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"268195"},["text","Benjamin F. Crews attends some type of official service."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"268196"},["text","Crews, Madeline"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"268197"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"268198"},["text","Image"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"268199"},["text","En"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"268200"},["text","PHOTO"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"268201"},["text","SS-CREWSM-07"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"268460"},["text","circa 1910-1929"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"268461"},["text","Santa Cruz (City)"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"268462"},["text","1910s"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"268463"},["text","1920s"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"268603"},["text","Crews, Benjamin"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"34"},["name","Military"]],["tag",{"tagId":"8"},["name","Public Events"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"9363","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"11162"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/f6531f0fc469a71a0e3dc0cc4256e37c.jpg"],["authentication","789a8cc0f71b6b2dbaac8c7d215c4289"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"9"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"127597"},["text","Photograph Collection"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"267482"},["text","Photographs from the 1860's to the 2000's, documenting the history of Santa Cruz County.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840003"},["text","See the About sectionfor the library's reproduction policy and restrictions on use."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840004"},["text","Various sources were used to identify persons, events, and places. Citations to print sources were abbreviated. See the About section for a list of sources used."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840000"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"6"},["name","Still Image"],["description","A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type \"text\" to images of textual materials."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229480"},["text","B&W"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"10"},["name","Physical Dimensions"],["description","The actual physical size of the original image."],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229481"},["text","9\"x5\""]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229475"},["text","LH-0098"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229476"},["text","National Guard encampment in former circus grounds"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229477"},["text","National Guard encampment in former circus grounds, now the location of Harvey West Park."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229478"},["text","Source of information: Label on back of mounting"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229479"},["text","Santa Cruz (City)"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229482"},["text","This photograph is the property of the Santa Cruz Public Libraries, California."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229483"},["text","Restrictions on Use"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229484"},["text","California National Guard"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229487"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229488"},["text","Image"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229489"},["text","En"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229490"},["text","PHOTO"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"34"},["name","Military"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"134328","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"20765"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/e254fa2209e66997ba19e814cf27fff3.pdf"],["authentication","6bf4c538422705639ea280b5b3a72b8f"],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"7"},["name","PDF Text"],["description"],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"94"},["name","Text"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1899545"},["text","National Guard Training Site—Camp McQuaide\nBy Carmen Morones\n\nThe National Guard training site for the 250th Coast Artillery Regiment was established in Capitola in 1926. The camp\nwas located near the Santa Cruz-Capitola Airport (now occupied by Capitola and New Brighton Middle Schools) and\nbasically used as a summer camp by the 250th for a two week manuever each year. Capitola's residents objected to the\nfiring of guns during mauevers so, in 1938, the camp was relocated to another site.\nThe new location was 400 acres of newly purchased land off the coast near San Andreas Rd. It was at this site that the\ncamp was dedicated and named in memory of the deceased, Major Joseph P. McQuaide, who had been the Chaplain of\nthe 250th regiment for many years.\nIn the 1940's the camp was developed as a Coast Artillery Training Center for the war. It also became the official\nstockade for the stateside army AWOLS. After World War II, the site was considered surplus and decommissioned. In\n1948 the empty camp was considered for a local junior college but lacked county-wide support. It was subsequently\npurchased by the Seventh-Day Adventists who founded the Monterey Bay Academy.\n\nSources\n\n\n\n\n\nwww.militarymuseum.org\nwww.dangel.net/250thCoastArtillery\nwww.capitolamuseum.org\n(all visited July–August 2001)\n\nThe content of this article is the responsibility of the individual author. It is the Library's intent to provide accurate local history\ninformation. However, it is not possible for the Library to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a\nvariety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are incorrect and can provide documentation,\nplease contact the Webmaster.\n\n1\n\n�"]]]]]]]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"8"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123576"},["text","Santa Cruz History Articles"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123577"},["text","Original articles by library staff and by local authors and material from historical books. "]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264219"},["text","Articles on Santa Cruz County history, many with illustrations, are available here.\r\n\r\nThe Santa Cruz Public Libraries is grateful to our local historians and their publishers for giving permission to include their articles. The content of the articles is the responsibility of the individual authors.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264220"},["text","It is the library's intent to provide accurate information. However, it is not possible to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a variety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in an article are incorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264216"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries\r\n"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"1"},["name","Document"],["description","A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1891490"},["text","Digital file"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1891482"},["text","AR-017"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1891483"},["text","National Guard Training Site--Camp McQuaide"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1891484"},["text","Morones, Carmen "]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1891485"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1891486"},["text","2001"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1891487"},["text","Text"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1891488"},["text","En"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1891489"},["text","ARTICLE"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892759"},["text","Camps-Military"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892760"},["text","Camp McQuaide"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892761"},["text","California National Guard"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892762"},["text","Capitola"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892763"},["text","1920s"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1892764"},["text","Santa Cruz (County)"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"34"},["name","Military"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"10125","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"11924"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/4f9af845d96a5bfa458a78164ee28d3b.jpg"],["authentication","8af322d1d1facae0b59e84e5eb3a7986"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"9"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"127597"},["text","Photograph Collection"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"267482"},["text","Photographs from the 1860's to the 2000's, documenting the history of Santa Cruz County.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840003"},["text","See the About sectionfor the library's reproduction policy and restrictions on use."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840004"},["text","Various sources were used to identify persons, events, and places. Citations to print sources were abbreviated. See the About section for a list of sources used."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840000"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"6"},["name","Still Image"],["description","A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type \"text\" to images of textual materials."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246962"},["text","B&W"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"10"},["name","Physical Dimensions"],["description","The actual physical size of the original image."],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246963"},["text","3\" x 5\" "]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246955"},["text","LH-SCM007"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246956"},["text","May 1908"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246957"},["text","On the deck of a ship in the Great White Fleet"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246958"},["text","A sailor and two civilians standing on the deck of one of the ships in the Great White Fleet, which came to Santa Cruz as part of a worldwide tour."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246959"},["text","Source of information: Museum of Natural History"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246960"},["text","Santa Cruz (City)"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"261366"},["text","1900s"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"46"},["name","Relation"],["description","A related resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246961"},["text","The Great White Fleet Visits Santa Cruz"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246964"},["text","This photograph is courtesy of the Santa Cruz City Museum of Natural History."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246965"},["text","Restrictions on Use"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246966"},["text","US Armed Forces-Navy"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246967"},["text","Great White Fleet"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246968"},["text","Ships"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246979"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246980"},["text","Image"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246981"},["text","En"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"246982"},["text","PHOTO"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"34"},["name","Military"]],["tag",{"tagId":"8"},["name","Public Events"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"134461","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"21604"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/9d9aac724d6add359bbc64b9350bfd03.pdf"],["authentication","b483eaa5236a5c1006ea249437c8ca98"],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"7"},["name","PDF Text"],["description"],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"94"},["name","Text"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1900377"},["text","Pajaro Valley Nisei Veterans of World War II\nThe following lists are from Nihon Bunka = Japanese Culture, published by the Pajaro Valley Arts Council, 1992.\nThey are included on this Web site with the permission of the Council.\n\n100th/442nd Regimental Combat Team\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHenry Arao +\nMate Eto\nWalt Eto\nYoshio Fujita\nTom Goto\nKatsu Hada*\nHenry Izumizaki*\nJames Izumizaki\nShig Kizuka\nTommy Kokka\nHarry Madokoro* +\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBob Manabe\nGeorge Matsumoto\nNobu Matsumoto\nRay Matsushita\nMitch Miyamoto¹\nShig Morimune\nSunao Murakami\nMas Nakamoto\nMas Nita\nBuzz Noda\nMas Okamura\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWilliam Ono\nSam Sakamoto\nHiroshi Shikuma\nIchiro (Sam) Sugidono\nJiro Sugidono\nKenji Torigoe\nMas Tsuda\nJohn Tsukiji\nGeorge Ura\nYosh Wada\nJim Yoshida\n\n+Distinguished Service Cross *Killed in Action ¹Designer of the 110th/442d Emblem\n\nThose Who Served in Other Areas of the War\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSadao Baishiki\nJim Etow\nYon Hamai\nAki Hashimoto\nTadashi Hashimoto\nTsuyoshi Hashimoto\nWalt Hashimoto\nTak Higuchi\nYas Kamitani\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYutaka Kimoto\nMiyoshi Mametsuka\nSully Matsui\nShinichi Misumi\nFred Okamoto\nZen Ota\nTommy Sakata\nCharles Shikuma\nRoy Takamune\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJames Takehana\nHoward Tao\nMakoto Tsuchiyama\nTomio Tsuda\nJim Uyematsu\nRoy Uyematsu\nJames Yamamoto\nRobert Yoshida\n\n�Military Intelligence Service\n\n\n\n\n\nDr. Clifford Fujimoto\nKas Jokuku\nSho Kobara\nBill Mine\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNick Nakamori\nIsao Sakai\nFrank Shimamoto\nBill Tao\nBen Umeda\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGeorge Wada\nGeorge Yamamoto\nRobert Yamamoto\nIwao Yamashita\n\nSource\nNihon Bunka = Japanese Culture: One Hundred Years in the Pajaro Valley. Kathryn McKenzie Nichols.\nWatsonville, CA: Pajaro Valley Arts Council, 1992.\n\nIt is the library’s intent to provide accurate information, however, it is not possible for the library to completely verify the\naccuracy of all information. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are incorrect and can provide\ndocumentation, please contact the library.\n\n2\n\n�"]]]]]]]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"8"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123576"},["text","Santa Cruz History Articles"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123577"},["text","Original articles by library staff and by local authors and material from historical books. "]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264219"},["text","Articles on Santa Cruz County history, many with illustrations, are available here.\r\n\r\nThe Santa Cruz Public Libraries is grateful to our local historians and their publishers for giving permission to include their articles. The content of the articles is the responsibility of the individual authors.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264220"},["text","It is the library's intent to provide accurate information. However, it is not possible to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a variety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in an article are incorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264216"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries\r\n"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"1"},["name","Document"],["description","A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893485"},["text","Paper"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893471"},["text","AR-102"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893472"},["text","Pajaro Valley Nisei Veterans of World War II"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893473"},["text","Japanese American Community"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893474"},["text","Veterans"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893475"},["text","Wars-World War II"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893476"},["text","Nichols, Kathryn McKenzie"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893477"},["text","Nihon Bunka = Japanese Culture: One Hundred Years in the Pajaro Valley. Kathryn McKenzie Nichols. Watsonville, CA: Pajaro Valley Arts Council, 1992."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893478"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893479"},["text","1992"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893480"},["text","Pajaro Valley"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893481"},["text","1940s"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893482"},["text","Text"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893483"},["text","En"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893484"},["text","ARTICLE"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893486"},["text","Included with permission of the Pajaro Valley Arts Council."]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"34"},["name","Military"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"9359","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"11158"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/7b9189116a098176512172b400856deb.jpg"],["authentication","fccf3991a4080618dd5e723902c61453"]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"9"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"127597"},["text","Photograph Collection"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"267482"},["text","Photographs from the 1860's to the 2000's, documenting the history of Santa Cruz County.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840003"},["text","See the About sectionfor the library's reproduction policy and restrictions on use."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840004"},["text","Various sources were used to identify persons, events, and places. Citations to print sources were abbreviated. See the About section for a list of sources used."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840000"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"6"},["name","Still Image"],["description","A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type \"text\" to images of textual materials."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229379"},["text","B&W"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"10"},["name","Physical Dimensions"],["description","The actual physical size of the original image."],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229380"},["text","9\"x7\""]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229373"},["text","LH-0094"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229374"},["text","1917"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229375"},["text","Parade up Mission Hill, with Post Office"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229376"},["text","Parade up Mission Hill. The Post Office in the background to the right."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229377"},["text","Source of information: McCaleb p. 90"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229378"},["text","Santa Cruz (City)"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"262772"},["text","1910s"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229381"},["text","This photograph is the property of the Santa Cruz Public Libraries, California."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229382"},["text","Restrictions on Use"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229383"},["text","Wars-World War I"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229384"},["text","Parades"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229385"},["text","Mission Street"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229394"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229395"},["text","Image"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229396"},["text","En"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"229397"},["text","PHOTO"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"34"},["name","Military"]],["tag",{"tagId":"8"},["name","Public Events"]],["tag",{"tagId":"10"},["name","Roads and Streets"]]]]]