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Scotts Valley Medical Center
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Scotts Valley Medical Center
Physicians
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Seapy, Donald
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1960s
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Copyright, 2001 by Donald E Seapy.
Medicine
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https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/ff77baa4aaefd6c8b03fdcda3d1a59ed.pdf
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Text
Voices of the Heart:
Memorial Poems from the Diphtheria Epidemic of 1876-78
By Phil Reader
(Compiled, and with an introduction, by Phil Reader)
To the memory of Miss Cora E. Drew (1864-1877)
I first met Cora on a dark, rainy night during the month of December, 1992,
when her name jumped out at me from a microfilmed page of the April 26,
1877 issue of the old Watsonville Pajaronian. It was affixed to the bottom of an
eleven stanza poem, the words of which inspired me to begin this collection.
CONTENTS:
Preface
Introduction
Monument to Cora Drew Watsonville Pioneer Cemetery
Memorial Poems
Cora E. Drew: Poetess of the Plague
Memorial Roll
PREFACE
Perhaps the most ignored aspect of local history has been the health history of our community. It is an
important field of study in that it provides a unique glimpse into the daily mechanisms of our predecessors. On
a much larger level, medical researchers have probed national and international trends in vitality and wellbeing from a historical point of view in order to better understand the methodology behind the spread of a
contagion. Genealogists, because they research people -not events, have long appreciated this prospective
and have been able to draw correlations which extend from generation to generation. Certain gene pools are
more susceptible to a given disease strain than are others. It "runs in the family", so to speak. Being aware of
this family susceptibility, of course, makes it easier to take the necessary steps leading to prevention and cure.
1
�This rule also pertains to society in general and various racial and social groupings in particular, the classic
examples being the prevalence of Sickle Cell Anemia among those of Negro origins and the advent of the AIDS
virus among those practicing certain lifestyles. A detailed examination into the past of a community can reveal
events precipitating a health disaster. What were the sanitation conditions of the time? Or what were the
personal hygiene habits of the citizenry?
We are all aware of the role plagues and epidemics have played in world history. The much storied "Black
Death" or Bubonic Plague of medieval days has profoundly affected all of the historical epochs which have
followed in its wake. This reoccurring scourge in both the oriental and occidental worlds literally changed the
course of human history by "thinning out" the population and, in the long run, probably saved more lives than
it took by easing the burden upon the world's future food supply. Deprivation, malnutrition, and starvation are
widespread enough in our contemporary world with its staggering population levels but the statistics on
hunger related deaths would be absolutely appalling had this natural "thinning" not occurred so long ago.
However, on a personal level, the sorrow resulting from these "plague deaths" was devastating. But, at the
very least, it can be said they were a shared sorrow. It was an experience held common in many households,
therefore the mourning was communal and, to some small degree, the grief was diminished. But people tend
to deal with the anguish of human mortality in a variety of ways. Some will meet it head on by quickly burying
their dead, putting the dirges behind them, and getting back to the business of living. While others submerge
themselves in religious ritual, taking comfort in the thought of an afterlife in a Heaven, Nirvana, or Valhalla.
Still another method is to verbalize the grief by putting pen to paper and expressing the emotions that are felt.
These mourners have produced countless reams of poetry memorializing their loved ones and thereby
relieving their own sadness. It is this last group of "mourners" that are the subject of this study - The poets and
poetesses of death.
INTRODUCTION
Throughout the history of Santa Cruz County and the central coast area there have been an irregularly
occurring series of plagues and epidemics. Documented evidence lists at least half a dozen before the advent
of statehood.
Recorded history of the Monterey Bay region begins with the coastal explorations of the Spaniard Sebastian
Vizcaino in 1602, but it would be another one hundred and sixty-six years before we learn any details of life in
the area that would one day be called California. The push into the territory was led by the Franciscan padres,
under the leadership of Junipero Serra, in search of converts to Christianity. They were followed closely by
Spanish civil and military authorities, who's quest was of a more material nature.
These newcomers found living here a race of stone age people, strong, vital, healthy and existing in an ancient
state of harmony with their environment. Their style of living had left them relatively free from the ravages of
highly contagious diseases. However, the coming of the Spanish to the shores of California would quickly
change all of this.
The Franciscans in their zeal to save the mortal souls of these indigenous peoples endangered their very
existence. At Mission Santa Cruz, founded in 1792, the local Ohlone Indian tribes were collected into the
confines of the newly established mission and exposed to the Spartan rigors of Spanish Catholicism. A new
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�settled, non-migratory way of life was forced upon them. They were clustered together in an unfamiliar close
proximity to one another and their dietary habits were radically altered.
These mission Indians soon suffered from a multiplicity of "imported" European diseases against which their
systems produced no natural anti-bodies. Foremost amongst these were Smallpox, Influenza, and Syphilis, as
well as the common cold and the childhood diseases of Diphtheria, Mumps, Chicken pox, and Measles. The
result being the almost total annihilation of the local tribes of California aborigines within the first two
decades after their Christianization. The lack of preparations for, or protection against the ravages of these
afflictions, on the part of the padres, borders upon the verge of genocide.
The advent of the nineteenth century brought an influx of immigrants to Pueblo de Branciforte, located on a
hill over looking the San Lorenzo River and one of only three pueblos in Alta California. These first settlers
found life on the isolated Spanish frontier to be both harsh and demanding. Communications with the outside
world were quite limited in nature and this ongoing isolation from so many of life's necessities put their health
at risk on a number of occasions. Physicians and their medical knowledge were, of course, unheard of and the
citizenry was left to the mercy of contagion and pestilence.
Although written records from this time period are only fragmentary, there are several which deal with the
health history of the Villa. One in particular is of significant importance however. In the Branciforte Archives is
document #507, dated December 19, 1833. It gives advice to the citizens of the pueblo on how to handle a
potential "Cholera Morbus" epidemic then rampant in Mexico. The scourge, unknowingly conveyed aboard
ship and on overland wagon trains, swept northward, arriving in Alta California during the early spring of 1834.
It filtered into the pueblos and ranchos carrying away hundreds of Californios and Indians before it ran its
deadly course.
In the century and a half since the American conquest of California in 1846, there have been four "major"
epidemics of note which have had profound consequences in Santa Cruz county. (But this is in no way to infer
that these were the only ones.)
The first and perhaps the most devastating to the general populous occurred during the late fall and early
winter of 1868. The disease was the much dreaded Smallpox and the first diagnosed cases of it occurred
among the impoverished Spanish residents of San Juan Bautista. Local newspapers reported that the
pestilence was spreading rapidly and by mid-November, 1868, there were more than one hundred and twenty
known cases in the infected district with more being reported daily. The death toll in the first week of the
epidemic was set at twenty-three.
The stage coach lines which serviced the area canceled all of their runs and a cry went out for help. The roads
leading in and out of this little mission town were barricaded in an attempt to localize the malady. Collections
were taken up in nearby cities in order to help alleviate the suffering.
A campaign in Santa Cruz county raised almost two hundred dollars in one weekend. The funds were used to
purchase serum in order to inoculate those in the area not already afflicted with the pox. Two young Irishmen,
who would later loom large in the history of Watsonville, braved the ravages of the disease and delivered the
much needed serum to San Juan. These two "home town" heroes were Matt Tarpy and Patrick McAllister.
All attempts to contain the illness were without success, however, when cases began to appear in Watsonville
and Whisky Hill. (Now Freedom) By the 25th of November, the death toll in Watsonville stood at eleven,
3
�among that number being a teacher and town constable. On the 27th, a group of Santa Cruz residents rode
out to Aptos and demolished the bridge on the Watsonville Road. After posting a guard at the ruins to prevent
anyone from entering Santa Cruz from the east and south, they scurried back to town and waited. But these
quarantine measures were also useless and the only lasting effect of this rash action was to create an rift
between the citizens of both cities.
Two days later the plague was raging in Santa Cruz to such a degree that the county supervisors issued a
medical alert and created, for the first time, a board of Health, appointing Dr. C.S. Anderson as Health Officer.
the new board established a "Pest House" and inaugurated a daily route for a "death wagon" to convey the
afflicted to the hospital for treatment. Instruction at the public schools were suspended for the remainder of
the term and the local press published widely the latest remedies available for home use as well as methods
to prevent the spread of Smallpox.
Thanks to such measures the pestilence began to subside throughout the county during the first two weeks of
December and by the new year, the Board of Health could declare the epidemic at an end. The exact number
of those who succumbed to Small Pox during that winter will never be known, but cemeteries in the Monterey
Bay area abound in headstones bearing dates from this period. It appears that the fatality rate from the
disease was, as usual, highest among children.
During the twentieth century, Santa Cruz county has experienced two significant epidemics, or actually
pandemics- worldwide outbreaks of a communicable contagion - the first which occurred in 1918, while World
Was I was raging on the European continent. It was the outbreak of the so called Spanish Flu. In reality,
however, it was the most virulent form of a series of strains of Influenza which had tormented the world for a
forty year period of time between the 1880s and 1920s. Prior to 1918, the most devastating, an attack of "la
Grippe" or "old Grip", had occurred in 1890-91 claiming many thousands of victims across the nation.
In Santa Cruz, the Spanish Flu, with it's haunting images of frightened people wearing the infamous gauze
masks over their faces, began in October, 1918, when soldiers returning home from basic training carried the
pestilence with them. It reached a zenith during the month of December, as dozens of new cases were
reported on a daily basis. Striking hardest at the very young and very old, there were well over a hundred flu
related deaths reported among these age groups. Death resulted not from the Influenza itself, but from
Pneumonia which quite often developed following a case of flu.
Various quarantine methods were enacted; schools had to be closed, restaurants and saloons were shut
down, most social activities were canceled, and by the early spring of 1919, this blight passed from the scene.
In all "the Flu" would cost over thirty million lives worldwide.
The second major plague, more contemporaneous, was the Poliomyelitis or Infantile Paralysis outbreaks of the
late 1940s and early 1950s. Its peak year in Santa Cruz county was 1952, when the isolation wards at all local
hospitals were reported to be overcrowded from the many Polio cases which sprang forth during the summer
of that year. The bulk of the local casualties were youngsters between the ages of five and fifteen. Dozens died
of the malignancy while many more were paralyzed for life.
In 1954, a researcher from the University of Pittsburgh developed the first practical immunization against
Polio. His name was Dr. Jonas Salk and the famous vaccine which now bears his name was quickly pronounced
totally effective and has led to the complete eradication of this disease.
4
�All of the above mentioned epidemics struck hard at society as a whole, but, as mentioned earlier, generally
speaking, there were most lethal to young children and the elderly. Youngsters are susceptible because their
immune systems are not yet fully developed while those of advanced age experience a breakdown of the
protective mechanisms in the human body. In both instances, individuals involved are rendered extremely
vulnerable to the onslaught of viruses.
Some afflictions, however, are classed as childhood diseases exclusively. From a historical point of view the
most prevalent and mortal of these is Diphtheria and it has emerged from time to time to exact a heavy toll in
misery and death from the very young.
The Diphtheria bacillus produces a toxin of great virulence which is highly contagious. It strikes at the throat,
causing swelling and thereby obstructing both breathing and respiration. It is accompanied by headaches and
a soaring fever. An attack is usually a week in duration and, during the nineteenth century, commonly ended
in death.
A major outbreak of the disease occurred throughout California during the two year period between the
summers of 1876 and 1878. This run of Diphtheria took place in an era when childhood mortality was already
high, so the advent of such a noxious pestilence only darkened the picture and brought more sorrow to the
families in Santa Cruz county. Across the years a random case of the disease was expected to appear and claim
an occasional victim. But no one was ready for the onslaught which was about to befall the population.
During the entire year of 1875, there was but one death attributable to Diphtheria. It occurred on October 22,
when fourteen year old John B. Cole, son of J.A. and Survina Cole died at his parents home in Santa Cruz.
Young John would later prove to be the first of three Cole children to perish during the epidemic. The slow
pace continued on into 1876 with only three deaths registered to the disease. But with the advent of summer,
these figures jumped and by the end of the year there was an average of seven Diphtheria related deaths a
month.
It was during this time that a new and most tragic phenomenon came into play - that of multiple deaths per
family. Because the pestilence was so virulent and highly contagious, it would strike hard at a household and,
in some instances, completely depopulate a family of its children.
Such was the case of Alfred and Sarah Hinds of Santa Cruz. Hinds was a prominent businessman with a socially
active wife. But utter calamity befell their small family when, between thanksgiving and Christmas of 1876, all
four of their infant children died of the malady. Also suffering a great loss was longtime Santa Cruz house
painter Otis Longley and his wife Matilda, a daughter of pioneer Adna Hecox. The Longley's lost a son and two
daughters within a period of two weeks. Stage coach driver Henry Whinery watched two of his children die in
as many days. Meanwhile in the Pajaro Valley, the farm family of James and Naomi Blankenship lost the first
of three children.
In all, this first year of the plague witnessed a total of thirty-nine fatalities due to Diphtheria. By year's end the
county officials and local medical specialists were beginning to realize that the whole population was at risk
when word of a state wide epidemic filtered in from other affected areas. But they were slow in taking any
type of concerted action.
5
�The high mortality rate continued on into 1877 and reached crisis proportions during the month of June,
when, in the city of Santa Cruz alone, there was one death every other day. Hardly any family in the county
was spared the agony of losing a child.
In February, Duncan McPherson, editor of the Santa Cruz Sentinel, lost his eldest son, Alexander. That same
month witnessed Irish immigrants, Thomas and Kate Handley burying three of their children. Philipp Frank, a
steward at the county hospital, inadvertently brought the disease home - a move which would cost him a
daughter and two sons.
The infirmity swept through the lumber camps and lime quarries near Felton, decimating family after family.
Two of the hardest hit were those of Alexander McDonald, who, in June, lost four children under the age of
eight. During the same month, railroad section hand, Michael Cantwell and his wife Catherine mourned the
passing of a son and daughter.
Diphtheria also laid waste to the hamlet of Corralitos in the Pajaro Valley, robbing the district of its children.
John and Elmina Bradshaw watched four of their youngsters die, while William and Sophia Drew lost two,
including the couple's beloved daughter Cora Elizabeth Drew.
The toll in human misery was crushing as the epidemic raged on, claiming one hundred and six children in
1877. But the community was also on the move, adjourning the schools while refurbishing and enlarging the
hospital. The flow of information from health officials into the homes of the citizenry was facilitated by an
eager and willing local press. Long standing problems of sewage disposal and sanitation endeavors were dealt
with at last as the people of Santa Cruz county closed ranks against the pestilence which was plundering them
of their young.
The rate of death remained high for the first two months of 1878, but the number gradually began to diminish
as the health and sanitation measures began to take effect. By July, Diphtheria deaths were down to precontagion levels with the last death attributed to the epidemic coming on September 30, 1878, when Mary
Alice Hall of Soquel succumbed to the disease.
During the two years of the plague there was at lease one hundred and seventy-five known fatalities as a
result of Diphtheria. Because there were so many deaths and funerals in such a relatively short period of time,
and because the mourning was almost constant, a vast number of families chose to bury their youngsters
without the usual amount of ceremony and public notice. These facts make it obvious that the true mortality
figures for this epidemic will never be known.
The nature and extent of the pestilence did, however, have a number of long lasting effects on the
community. As mentioned earlier, the county did enlarge its medical facility to include ten more beds and a
local doctor was hired to tend to the inmates, where as before the physician in attendance had been there
strictly on a voluntary basis.
The Board of Public Health was given a broad range of power in order to allow it to take action during a
declared emergency. Local legislation was passed granting the board the discretionary authority of the law to
enforce these actions. Prior to this time, little or no attention had been given to county wide sanitation and
waste disposal. The local press decried the metropolitan areas of Santa Cruz and Watsonville as "vast
Cesspools" were raw sewage had been allowed to flow freely down the main streets.
6
�In the city of Santa Cruz, this waste did congregate in several huge pools on Front Street and from there drain
ran into the San Lorenzo River. At times the stench had been so putrid that residents had to cover their faces
with handkerchiefs when passing through the area. At Watsonville, the sewage ran down Main and Rodriguez
Streets before entering the Pajaro River near the bridge.
The coming of the epidemic forced the authorities in both cities to address this important question. At issue
here was not only how to properly drain the city, but also how to control the overflow from privies. A series of
public works projects were initiated, the object of which was to replace the old crude system of drainage with
a new large volume reinforced pipe and cistern system. Although it would take several years to complete the
project, it did indeed prove to be successful and held up nicely until the turn of the century.
In order to deal with the septic tank problem, the Common Councils (or City Councils) in both town passed
ordinances mandating the use of the disinfectants lye and chlorine in "outhouses" and authorized the hiring of
a health officer who's job it would be to regularly inspect dwellings and streets. He was also granted the
necessary power to enforce rigid compliance with the sanitation laws.
Another institution greatly affected by the plague was the school system. During the late 1870s, the general
population of Santa Cruz county rose significantly, but school censuses, taken annually, show that the number
of students enrolled at local schools actually declined as much as five percent as a result of the epidemic. For a
decade afterwards classes were smaller as was the number of graduating students. School revenues were
down and the educational system as a whole suffered.
The Diphtheria epidemic of 1876-78 was by no means the last outbreak of the disease. Santa Cruz county
would experience another sizable attack of the contagion during the winter of 1882, but it would strike with
nowhere near the severity. Several others would follow later in the decade before an immunizing anti-toxin
would be developed in the 1890s putting an end forever to this destructive malady.
VOICES OF THE HEART: MEMORIAL POEMS
The following collection of "verse" appeared in the local press during the Diphtheria epidemic of the late
1870s. They were abstracted from the Santa Cruz Sentinel, the Santa Cruz Courier-Item , the Santa Cruz Local
Item , and the Watsonville Pajaronian. Those were the only journals which were being published in the county
at the time and it is obvious that the different editors were eager to reproduce these efforts. The various
editorial staffs at these publications understood full well the personal importance of the works being
forwarded to them, this is especially true in the case of Duncan McPherson at the Sentinel, who had lost a son
to the scourge.
These poems, pseudo-poems, and memorials, usually appended to a death notice in the newspaper, were the
literary manifestations of deeply felt sorrow. They are glibly written, reeking with pathos and religious
imagery, and, in many cases, largely devoid of any literary form. But style was never the important factor to
the authors of this doggerel, it was the emotional content. An attempt to reach out, share the sorrow, and
perhaps find some latent meaning in the death of a child. This reason alone does indeed make them worthy of
study.
In all cases, the original spelling, punctuation, and structure have been faithfully reproduced.
7
�For Addie Mehwalt, Age 2 Years, 7 months
Alex and Mary Mehwalt, a young Santa Cruz couple, were so devastated by the death of their daughter that
they found it necessary to move away from the area to contain their grief. They left behind one of the most
beautiful poems in this collection.
"Oh, sweet be thy sleep in the land of the dead;
For our dear little angel we sorrow.
The spring shall return to thy low, narrow bed,
Like the beam of the day-star tomorrow.
Oh, still we behold thee, lovely in death,
Reclined on the lap of they mother;
When the tears trickled bright, the short, stifled breath
Told how dear you were to each other.
My child, you are gone to the hole of thy rest,
Where suffering no longer can harm you;
Where the songs of the good, the hymns of the blest,
Through an endless existence shall charm you."
For Moses Meder Hoyt, Age 7 years, 7 months
Written for Moses Meder Hoyt Jr. the only son of a Davenport businessman and grandson of Santa Cruz
pioneer Moses Meder.
"We miss him for the good that he has wrought us,
And for the good that yet remained in store.
We miss him for the lessons that he has taught us,
We miss his presence, yet we mourn him more."
For Amy Bennett, Age 11 years, 8 months
Mansell V. Bennett, son of the much-fabled "Widow" Bennett, and his life Mary were working at their mill in
the Santa Cruz mountains when their oldest daughter died of Diphtheria. The loving parents interrupted their
mourning long enough to compose this short poem.
"Let the dead and the beautiful rest,
Make her grave 'neath the willow by the stream,
Where wind-harps will whisper o'er the blest,
Like the song of some angel in our dream."
8
�For Mattie Lorenzen, 7 years, 8 months
German immigrants, Lorenz and Maria Lorenzen kept a small hotel on Main Street in Watsonville and were
quite active is school and community affairs. During the plague, they lost one of their four daughters.
"In the Memory of Mattie"
"One sweet flower had drooped and faded,
One sweet youthful voice has fled,
One fair brow the grave has shaded,
Our dear loved one now is dead.
She has gone to Heaven before us,
But she turns and waves her hand,
Pointing to the glories o'er us,
In that happy spirit land."
For Elizabeth Jane Comstock, Age 14 years, 1 month
Civil War veteran Harvey Comstock and his wife Alta came west to California following his enlistment in the
Union Army. They were the parents of four children, all of whom would die before reaching adulthood. One
child, a daughter, died of Diphtheria in 1876 and the others during an outbreak of influenza ten years later. The
Comstocks sent these poems to the Sentinel along with the announcement of their daughter's death.
"Blossomed in higher life!'.
This is what the spirit said,
Then she read upon the page
That 'The damsel lieth dead.'
Death is not in the Summer land;
Think of this, oh, mother dear,
And although, we miss the form
Know I still am with you here,
In and out, I come and go,
Standing often by your side;
Darling mother, grieve not so
For I have not really died,
More alive then e're before,
Able more to help and bless,
I still hear your tearful words,
You must feel my fond caress.
All the promise you saw
In my budding womanhood,
Summer land will quite fulfill;
Mother, God is truly good."
9
�"Weep no more the damsel lives,
And her heart is pained with tears;
Home shall brighten as before
By her help in coming years."
Death Notice for the Santa Cruz Sentinel
COMSTOCK - In Santa Cruz, June 13th, 1876. Jennie E, the only Daughter of L. H. and H. A. Comstock, aged 14
years, 1 month, and 11 days.
"A few days ago the subject of the above notice, was the life and light of a happy home. Every day, all day
long, she was the sweet source of joy to her parents, and the solace of their lives. Everything sterling in
character and a amiable in disposition, was exhibited in her actions, and shone with a steady lustre in her
deportment. Those who knew her the best will grieve that the King of Terrors should have culled so fair a
blossom from life's garden. When the aged tree whose branches are torn, and whose roots are loosened by
the storms of time is stricken to the earth, we may remember sorrowfully the days when it gave us shelter,
but we cannot deeply mourn so natural an went. But, when the fair young sapling just springing into buoyant,
graceful, and exuberant vigor, is blasted by the frost, we bow our heads in sorrow and mourn for what "might
have been." So must we mourn the untimely departure of the fair flower that has so suddenly been
transplanted to the upper garden. The friends of the bereaved household will deeply deplore the irreparable
loss it has suffered. Slight indeed, in the acute moments, will be the consolation derived from such
condolences. May the afflicted ones gather strength from the same arm that struck the blow, and glean hope
from the reflection that in a few short summers they may again clasp the sweet flower thus hastily removed
from their loving grasp.
For Ella Louisa Gray, Age 5 months, 10 days
From her home in Santa Cruz, Emma Gray wrote this poem to the memory of her infant daughter, Ella, who
died on November 3, 1877.
"Vainly will thy mother seek thee,
Vacant is thy cradle bed:
Lovely Ella, in the cold grave
Low is laid thy little head."
For Harry F. Whinery, (Age 5 years, 9 months) and Martha Whinery (Age 7 years, 5 months)
Henry Whinery, who drove the stage coach between San Jose and Santa Cruz, saw two of his children die of
Diphtheria on December 6, 1876. He and his wife Amelia included this poem with their obituaries.
"Quiet the little feet that trod
So merrily the floor
The little hands that clasped my neck
Will clasp my neck no more.
Ah! Children mine and yet not mine
10
�For a few years were given
And then recalled to draw my heart,
Nearer to God and Heaven."
For Alexander McPherson, Age 5 years, 11 months
The families of Duncan McPherson, longtime editor of the Santa Cruz Sentinel , and his wife Amelia Hinds were
struck hard by the Diphtheria scourge. The McPhersons lost their eldest son, while Amelia's brother Alfred, saw
his entire brood of four little ones, two boys and two girls, carried away by the disease. In his grief, McPherson
published this long poem for his beloved son.
"The air is full of farewell for the dying,
and mourning for the dead;
The heart of Rachel, for her children crying,
Will not be comforted.
Let us be patient! These severe afflictions
Not from the ground arise,
But often times celestial Benedictions
Assist this dark disguise.
We see but dimly through mists and vapors,
Amid these earthly damps;
What seems to us but sad funerals tapers
May be Heaven's distant lamps.
There is no death! What seems so is transition;
This life of mortal breath
Is but a suburb of life erysiar,
Whose portal is called death.
He is not dead - the child of our affections,
But gone into the school
Where he no longer needs our poor protection,
And Christ himself doth rule.
In that great cloister's stillness and seclusion,
By guardian angels led,
Safe from temptation, safe from sin's pollution,
He lives, whom we call dead."
11
�For Edward M. Reed, Age 12 years, 11 months
On February 18, 1876, the Watsonville Pajaronian carried this poem, written for young Edward Reed, who had
died five days earlier.
"Sleeping, only sleeping,
Free from care and pain;
Let us cease our weeping,
He will rise again.
Sleeping, sweetly sleeping,
In his mossy bed.
While the flower are blooming,
Where we gently tread."
For Lena Heath, Age 10 years, 6 months
Lucien and Julia Heath, owners of a Hardware Store on Pacific Avenue in Santa Cruz, published this poem
following the death of their daughter, Lena on July 19, 1876.
"Early, bright, transient,
Chaste as the morning dew,
She sparkled, was exhaled,
And went to heaven.
None knew her but to love;
None named her but to praise
Death lies on her like an untimely frost
Upon the sweetest flower in all the fold."
For George Charles Haun, Age 3 months, 15 days
The tiny village of Corralitos suffered greatly during the Diphtheria epidemic, witnessing the death of a large
number of its children. George Haun, an employee at the paper mill, lost his infant son and name sake George
Jr., after previously burying two small daughters, Franka and Hattie.
"Child of the spheres invisible beyond,
Thy image fair we hold within our hearts.
Darling, our souls go out in love for thee.
Sweet flower, unfolding in that higher birth.
But thou are gone in all thy babyhood's grave,
To bloom in the beautiful summer lands.
A gentle star beam stole o'er our path.
We see no more for thy dear presence here.
12
�Bright star that faded from our mortal sight,
Until the morning of thy life had fled.
We lift the vail that hides the golden strand,
And let us view our Franka, Hattie, and babe so dear."
For Cora J. Longley ( Age 3 years, 2 months), Alonzo Warren Longley ( Age 4 years, 8 months), and Luella C.
Longley (Age 3 years, 2 months)
In the fall of 1876, Diphtheria struck hard claiming dozens of tiny victims including three children of Otis and
Matilda (Hecox) Longley. With the passing of each casket they penned a short verse of remembrance.
For Cora J. Longley
"A lovely bud, so soft and fair,
Called hence by early doom;
Just sent to show how sweet a flower
In paradise could bloom."
For Alonzo Warren Longley
"Oh, Mother! Tell my sister dear
And brother too;
While living on that lower sphere
Yet ever keep Heaven in view.
And tell my father that his son,
Heir to all heavenly joys,
Will meet him when his race is run,
In his home beyond the skies.
The birds sing sweetly round my grave,
Sweetly they sing to thee.
Sweet-scented flowers there you leave,
With bitter tears for me.
'tis but my body 'neath the sod,
I've reached a better haven.
My precious soul has gone to God.
Mother! My home is in Heaven."
For Luella C. Longley
"Thus have the angels gathered
Another fair flower home
Through the casket so loved has faded,
The jewel to Heaven has flown.
Gone, ere her soul had learned
The weight of years of sin,
13
�With truer, tenderer love than ours,
God called thee home to him."
For May Isabella Miller, Age 1 year, 10 months
Cephas Miller, a gold rush pioneer from Canada, and his wife Mary Longley were living at the Grover's Mill
lumber camp when Diphtheria took their daughter Isabella. In her memory, Mary authored the following
poem.
"Open wide the golden gate
That leads to the shining shore,
Our lassie has suffered in passing through
But her troubles now are o're.
Weep not for me my parents dear
because I died so young.
The fewer years, the fewer sins,
God's will it must be done."
For Roselia Boomer
George Boomer, the former city marshal of Santa Cruz, and wife Barbara were another couple who left town in
sorrow following the death of a child during the epidemic. Before departing, they left this poem at the Santa
Cruz Sentinel.
"Sweet angel! Babe,
Thou wert not long given,
Here on earth to dwell,
But called from earth to Heaven;
It's well, It's well, It's well.
There safely moored,
A11 dangers o'er.
My little barge shall stand,
There sorrow shall cross
My Rosie's path no more,
In that thrice happy land.
Adieu, dear lamb,
Till next we meet,
Round God's dear throne above
We will cast our crown,
Beneath his feet,
And praise our Savior's love."
14
�For Kate Handley (Age 7 years, 5 months), Mary Agnes Handley (Age 5 years, 7 months), Lizzie Handley (Age
3 years, 7 months), and John Bernard Handley (Age 1 year, 3 months)
Thomas and Kate Handley, impoverished immigrants from Ireland, lost four children to Diphtheria during the
early months of 1877. The bereaved parents composed memorial poems to their little ones.
For Kate Handley
"Dearest Katie, thou hath now left us,
And thy loss we deeply feel;
But t'is God who hath bereft us;
He can all our sorrows heal.
Open wide the silvery gates,
That lead to the heavenly shore;
Our dear Katie suffered in passing through,
But her sufferings now are o'er."
For Mary Agnes Handley
"Dear Agnes, Thou were not formed for living here,
For thou were kindred for the sky;
Yet we held thee all so dear,
We though thou wert not formed to die.
For Lizzie Handley
Sweet Lizzie was but as a smile
Which glistened into a tear,
Seen but a little while
But, oh, How loved, how dear.
For John Bernard Handley
To us for sixteen anxious months,
Little Bernard's infant smile was given,
And then he bade farewell to earth,
And went to live in Heaven.
For Dock Franklyn Cole (Age 1 year, 7 months) and Edwin Monroe Cole (Age 7 years, 1 month)
James H. Cole, a Santa Cruz teamster, and his wife Survina lost two children to Diphtheria during the summer
of 1877. For each child they wrote a small poem.
For Dock Franklyn Cole
"Weep not for those whom the will of the tomb
In life's happy morning hath hid from our eyes.
Ere sin throw a blight on the spirit's young bloom,
Or earth had prepared what was born of the skies."
15
�For Edwin Monroe Cole
"We'll miss our Eddie when we gather
Around our blazing hearth at night
With pleasant talk of years to come
Those years our fancies frame,
Ah, he had a home that bears another name."
For Hannah Josephine Butler, Age 4 years, 3 months
Joseph and Hannah Butler, a Santa Cruz farm couple, had one daughter, whom they named after themselves,
calling her Hannah Josephine Butler. She died March 3, 1877.
"She is not dead, this child of our affection,
But gone unto that school
Where she no longer needs our poor protection
And Christ himself, doth rule."
For Joseph Silvester Turner, Age 8 months, 2 days
John and Annie Turner were among the countless number of Irish immigrants who fled their homeland to
escape the great famine of the 1840s. They made their way to Santa Cruz where they took up farming at
Blackburn Gulch. They lost a son to Diphtheria in 1876.
"Our Babe"
"Ah! little bud, to pure to grow
In such a world as this.
He is gone, gone to bloom
Beyond the tomb,
Where all is beauty, all is bliss.
Sweet babe, tranquil be thy rest Our early loved and early lost,
Submit our heart; 'tis god's behest."
For George Maxwell, Age 9 years
John and Ella Maxwell of Watsonville watched helplessly as their son George died of Diphtheria during the late
summer of 1877. The anguished mother took leave of her beloved son in the following fashion.
"Mother's darling boy has gone to rest. Oh, what a wealth of comfort in those bright lustrous eyes. He cannot
speak, He cannot cheer with gentle words my listening ears; oh, Georgie, I must bid farewell."
16
�"It is hard to give you up
But we must drink the bitter cup
For our Lord has willed it so."
M.C.M.
For Harry Ambrose, Age 7 years, 6 months
On August 4, 1877, the following death notice appeared in the Santa Cruz Sentinel.
"FRASER - In Felton, July 1, Harry Ambrose, the oldest child of Angus and Carrie Fraser, aged 7 years, 6 months,
and 2 days."
Appended to the notice was a paragraph obviously authored by the aggrieved parents.
"Our dear little Harry was taken sick with Diphtheria on the 20th of June. On the Sunday night following, he
sank very low, and about four o'clock on the following morning he said, "Papa, I think I will die." His papa
replied, "Harry, I think you will," and then asked him if there was any one he wished to see. He replied "Edie,"
his little sister. His papa then asked him if he had any little to say before he died. He said, "Yes," and then
repeated his morning prayer. He then said, "Mamma, which is the best place - Heaven or Earth?" to which she
replied, "Heaven, for good little boys." He seemed pleased and dropped off to sleep - Alas! the sleep of death.
During the week our hopes for him were revived at times. On July 1st came the final struggle, and after a few
hours of suffering he died at 6 o'clock P.M."
CORA E. DREW: POETESS OF THE PLAGUE
It can rightfully be said that Cora Drew was a young lady of exceptional courage and insight, and she would
prove it beyond the shadow of a doubt during that desolate spring in 1877.
Her parents were Wallace and Sophia Drew, both natives of Canaan, Somerset County, Maine, who had come
west in 1862 shortly after their marriage. The section of Maine from which they hailed was a lumbering
region, so, naturally enough, upon arrival in California they settled in a similar district - the Santa Cruz
mountains above the town of Gilroy. The young couple remained there for twelve years while Wallace worked
in the woods. Meanwhile Sophia Drew gave birth to four children, a son and three daughters, of whom Cora,
born April 6, 1864, was the eldest.
During the spring of 1874, the family moved to the village of Corralitos in Santa Cruz county where Wallace
had been offered the position of foreman at the Ford and Sanborn Shingle Mill. Cora entered the Corralitos
School, where records show that she was always in the upper ten percent of her class. She was, by all
accounts, a bright and precocious child.
At the time, the mountain village was a small, tight knit community, where all activities centered around life at
the numerous saw mills which were scattered throughout the nearby mountains. The families of these
woodsmen shared collectively the rigors of existence in the often crude timber camps. They pulled together,
helping one another through times of trial, but never was life more trying than during the spring and summer
of 1877, when the dreaded Diphtheria swept through the settlements striking down countless children.
17
�Physicians from Watsonville had to be called in to minister to the young victims. Among those quick to
respond were Doctors Martin and Irelan.
One of the first to be stricken by the disease was Cora Drew, who was now on the verge of her thirteenth
birthday. In a matter of hours, her breathing became much labored as a high temperature raged within her
body. The two doctors were immediately summoned to her bedside and attended her with great patience.
For days, Cora hung on tenaciously as her system began to deteriorate. The soaring fever caused her to lose all
of her hair and finally rendered her totally blind. Yet she refused to give up and slowly began to rally. Although
greatly weakened and bedridden, Cora was soon smiling widely and talking incessantly about her up coming
birthday.
Meanwhile in other homes located around Corralitos, the pestilence was taking a heavy toll. On March 9th, in
nearby Grizzly Flat, Wesley Tucker, a co-worker of Wallace Drew, lost his two year daughter Susie to
Diphtheria. When told of the tragedy, Cora asked for a pen and sheaf of paper and wrote a short memorial
poem to the child which she sent to the grief stricken parents. The Tuckers were so moved by the emotions
conveyed by the verse that they forwarded it to theWatsonville Pajaronian, who published it with young
Susie's obituary.
This was the first of several poems which Cora Drew wrote, from her bedside, about the many casualties of
the epidemic that spring. A few would find their way into print.
On March 23, her one year old brother, Wallace Drew Jr. was taken ill and died within a matter of hours. To
help herself and her parents manage the sorrow of their loss, and to better come to grips with her own
continuing malady, Cora composed a long eleven stanza ballad to the memory of her brother. It is an
impressive work, heavy with sentiment but at the same time filled with the optimism of youth and a strong
belief in the future. Upon reading it, one cannot help but to be taken by the haunting imagery and poetic
beauty of the final three verses.
The spring season dragged slowly by for the citizens of Corralitos, with the schools shut down and the saw
mills running only on a part time basis. The death toll mounted and the grieving continued unabated.
During the first week of May, Cora's condition, for which the doctors held out so much hope, began to worsen
and finally on May 14, 1877, she slipped into a coma and died. She was just 13 years old. The next day, her
anguished parents, followed by a cortege of friends and neighbors, bore her body to Watsonville and buried
her in a grave next to that of their infant son at the Odd Fellows Cemetery.
In time the pestilence passed out of Corralitos and life in the lumber camps slipped back towards normalcy,
but it had exacted a heavy price. Prior to the plague, there had been twenty children enrolled at the tiny
Corralitos School, but at the opening of school that fall there were only twelve students left. Eight of the
children had succumbed to the disease.
The following year, the Drew family moved on to Felton, in the San Lorenzo Valley, where Wallace opened a
livery stable and was later elected Constable of the district. In a manner befitting the situation, the citizens of
Corralitos took it upon themselves to see that a bouquet of fresh flowers always marked the spot where Cora
Drew, the poetess of the plague, was buried.
18
�When notice of Cora's death appeared in the Watsonville Pajaronian , the following letter, signed simply "a
friend" was appended to it.
"With sentiments that sadden the soul, we do offer tribute to the memory of her whose unexpected
demise has brought desolation and grief to the hearts of fond and devoted parents and a circle of
tenderly devoted friends. With cautious tread do we invade the sanctuary of private sorrow, still we
cannot forebear a gentle utterance of profound appreciation of the childlike virtues of the lamented
deceased, and our sincere sympathy with those who more directly feel the loss. Rarely have we met
one like her, whose gentle nature and feminine graces, more deeply won for her the abiding love of
parents, relatives and friends. To these we tender, in this hour of their anguish, our heart-felt
condolences. May the time and memory, and the Christian hope, soothe and solace them, and
especially may they, upon whose hearts and love one had impressed a living idea of all that in life is
poetic, beautiful and true, find sweet solace in the precious thought that what is their loss is her gain.
Sad commentary this upon life and its vain promises. In the weary pilgrimage, along the path of all, are
to be found green mounds and broken shrines, where a thousand hopes have been wasted into ashes
and shadows even which we would not forget. Loved and lamented one! While the tears of affliction
shall ever moisten the sod that covers thee, may the dews of Heaven refresh thy mortal spirit!"
Also appearing with Cora's obituary was a short poem written by her parents.
"Cora darling, though you have left us,
And your loss we deeply feel,
But 'tis God that has bereft us,
And he can all our sorrows heal."
POEMS BY CORA E. DREW
The first memorial poem by Cora Drew to find its way into print appeared in the Watsonville Pajaronian on
March 16, 1877. It was written for Susie Tucker, the one year old daughter of her neighbors, William and
Elizabeth Tucker.
"Sleep little Susie, Sleep!
Not in thy cradle bed,
Not on thy mother's breast,
But with the quiet dead.
Yes, with the angels blest
Susie, thy form will be,
And many weary one
Would glad lie down with thee."
Her longest and finest effort, written upon the death of her young brother, Wallace Jr., appeared in both the
Watsonville Pajaronian and the Santa Cruz Sentinel during the first week of April, 1877. It contains several
stanzas of exceptional poetic imagery as well as a maturity of insight into the nature of life that is developed
19
�far beyond the capacity of most youngsters her age. The piece also reveals much about her own suffering and
her brave personal optimism.
"Dear brother, how we miss you
How we dreaded to have you go,
To an unknown world above us,
and leave us here in tears and woe.
Mother says that now in Heaven,
She believes her loved one dwells.
And the spirits of our dear ones,
help to guide us here below.
And, if that is so, darling brother,
Guide your erring sisters, feet,
Guide us in paths of truth and virtue,
That we may noble women make.
And, dear brother, if it is in thy power,
To intercede for those dear friends
That stood beside my bed of pain,
Trying to relieve my suffering
And bring me back to health again.
I would that God might bless them,
Here in this world below,
And in that heaven so pure and bright
His goodness ever know.
And Dr. Martin and Dr. Irelan, too
Who strove so hard to save me,
From death's cold embrace,
Sometimes, it seems, that death,
With skill and practice fought.
But those dear doctors
Who worked both night and day,
Against the grim destroyer that was
Eating my life away.
I would that God might bless them,
And I will bless them too,
For life seems very fair to me,
I'm thirteen years old today;
And if you were here dear brother,
How happy I would be.
20
�But I know it would be madness,
For us to wish you back,
To suffer, oh! to suffer,
As you did here on earth.
For hours you suffered everything,
Till death did you relieve,
Oh! we could not wish you back,
To suffer death again.
But may thy dear hand lead me,
Through life's uncertain race
And bring me to thy holy hills,
And to thy dwelling place."
Cora's final poem, written just a few days before her death on May 14, 1877, can be found in the Watsonville
Pajaronian. It is, in some respects, different from others which she composed in that it is polished in its poetics
and emotionally more profound. The theme of the piece exposes an overwhelming sense of impending doom
in her outlook.
"I see my life before me,
Like paintings on the wall.
The faces of my loved ones,
Creep slowly down Heaven's hall.
Oh God, In thy mighty wisdom,
Protect me if you may.
Into thy bright and holy kingdom,
Please welcome me today.
My life on earth, so deep in pain
And sorrow's cup so full,
Yet I would welcome it again
Monument to Cora Drew - Watsonville
Pioneer Cemetery
To eternity's brief lull."
21
�MEMORIAL ROLL
List of Children who Died in the Diptheria Epidemic
After the name of the child who died is the date of death, followed by the child's age.
Ahlers,
John, July 8, 1877, 7 months
Allen,
Annie, June 7, 1876, 19 months
Amaya,
Abalardo, August 17, 1877, 8 years
Bailey,
Lewis H., May 15, 1877, 3 years
Bailly,
James A., January 16, 1878, 7 years
Battersby,
Mary E., February 4, 1878, 1 year
Bennett,
Amy, October 10, 1877, 11 years
Bennett,
Frankie W., January 2, 1878, 4 months
Blaisdell,
Charles C., April 26, 1877, 4 years
Blankenship,
Isabella, October 21, 1876, 11 years
James F., December 9, 1878, 6 years
John C., March 4, 1877, 8 years
Bockius,
Frank, November 15, 1877, 15 years
22
�Boomer,
Roseila H., April 13, 1878, 1 year
Wanso J., October 28, 1877, 9 years
Bradshaw,
Emma F., July 28, 1877, 3 years
Hattie, July 26, 1877, 4 years
John F., July 28, 1877, 8 years
Sarah A., August 3, 1877, 6 years
Briody,
Mary E., May 9, 1877, 6 years
Monument to the Bradshaw
Children - Watsonville Pioneer
Cemetery
Brown,
Johnny, December 19, 1877, 5 years
Butler,
Hannah J., March 3, 1878, 4 years
Cantwell,
Mary H., June 22, 1877, 12 years
Michael, June 6, 1877, 10 years
Castro,
Vensave, November 30, 1877, 3 years
Clark,
Carleton, January 1, 1878, 5 years
Minnie C., December 24, 1877, 11 years
Cole,
Dock F., June 30, 1877, 1 year
Edwin G.H., August 16, 1877, 7 years
John B, October 22, 1875, 10 years
Colegrove,
Harrie G., October 6, 1877, 7 months
23
�Comstock,
Jennie E., June 13, 1876, 14 years
Conover,
Lottie, July 13, 1876, 17 months
Cummings,
Henrietta, May 27, 1877, 4 years
Davis,
Lulu B., September 16, 1877, 10 years
DeCray,
Clara, April 20, 1877, 19 years
Delaney,
William, February 21, 1878, 3 years
Demetry,
Child of Geo., January 21, 1878, Infant
Dodge,
Kitty, November 14, 1877, 7 months
Dreher,
Hinnie, April 17, 1878, 19 years
Drew,
Cora E., May 14, 1877, 13 years
Wallace, March 22, 1877, 1 year
Duncan,
Susie L., June 23, 1877, 22 months
Erickson,
Christopher, July 25, 1877, 8 years
Mary, July 17, 1877, 5 years
Estrada,
Jose H., February 20, 1878, 7 years
24
�Fleisig,
Son of John, January 24, 1878, 8 months [sic] *
Folger,
Edward, August 29, 1876
Foreman,
Mabel, July 14, 1877, 2 years
Frank,
Matilda, July 14, 1876, 10 months
Salomon, August 13, 1877, 7 days
Moses, August 16, 1877, 4 years
Frazer,
Harry A., July 1, 1877, 7 years
Frazier,
Hattie, September 21, 1877
Garcelon,
Child of C., August 11, 1876, 6 months
Garcia,
Refugio, August 12, 1876, 7 years
Gardner,
Willard, August 2, 1877, 8 years
Garratt,
Alice H., April 3, 1877, 18 years
Gray,
Ella L., November 3, 1877, 5 months
Grover,
Lizzie, February 16, 1878
Grover,
Son of S.F., September 13, 1876
25
�Hackett,
Ruth B., February 24, 1877, 5 years
Hall,
Mary A., September 30, 1878, 5 years
Handley,
John B., February 4, 1877, 1 year
Katie, March 24, 1877, 8 years
Lizzie, February 22, 1877, 3 years
Mary A., February 28, 1877, 2 years
Harris,
James A., February 15, 1877, 1 year
William H., February 19, 1877, 3 years
Haun,
Charlie, April 1, 1877, 3 months
Heath,
Lina, July 19, 1876
Monument to the Four Children of Alfred and Sara Hinds - Santa Cruz Memorial Park
Hinds,
Aimee L., December 25, 1876, 4 years
Ethel R., December 5, 1876, 5 years
Laurent, November 28, 1878, 3 years
Rupert L., December 21, 1876, 8 months
26
�Hoff,
C. Leon, March 31, 1877, 8 years
Hollister,
Jesse W., December 15, 1877, 9 years
Holt,
Cecelia G., October 17, 1876, 13 months
John W., January 1, 1876, 5 years
Howard,
Willie, July 8, 1877, 6 years
Hoyt,
Moses Meder, September 19, 1876, 7 years
Hughes,
Tracy, July 31, 1876, 10 months
Hunt,
H.C., 5 years
Henry H., July 24, 1877, 6 years
Zula, January 8, 1878, 5 years
Jackson,
Edward H., January 14, 1877, 2 years
Jarvis,
William A., April 20, 1877, 12 years
Jewell,
Georgie P., December 9, 1877, 10 years
Jones,
Franklyn, H. November 23, 1876, 3 years
Kaye,
Daisy, July 16, 1878, 2 years
Joseph H., July 25, 1878, 8 years
27
�Kellogg,
Child of Geo., June 1877
Kenville,
Solomon, January 7, 1878, 4 years
Kimball,
Mary, January 6, 1878, 5 years
Ruth R., June 19, 1877, 3 years
King,
Willie, June 2, 1877, 8 years
Kirk,
May 29, 1876
Kirvan,
William H., November 19, 1877, 6 months
Kunitz,
Emma L., June 30, 1877, 1 year
Lewis,
Maggie, October 19, 1876, 5 months
Liebrandt,
Walter H., August 2, 1877, 1 year
Longley,
Alonzo W., October 16, 1876, 6 years
Cora J., October 11, 1876, 3 years
Luella, November 10, 1876, 4 years
Lorenzen,
Hattie, December 25, 1877, 7 years
Lynch,
Samuel J. Jr., November 14, 1877, 3 years
Majors,
Mary J., February 1, 1878, 2 years
28
�Marden,
Alva, November 27, 1876, 16 years
Marquez,
Eduard, November 18, 1877, 2 years
Martin,
Berry, September 17, 1877, 7 years
Maxwell,
George, August 13, 1877, 9 years
McDonald,
Asa, June 8, 1877, 8 years
Clara, June 14, 1877, 2 years
Della, June 23, 1877, 4 years
Flora, June 23, 1877, 7 years
McPherson,
Alexander, February 20, 1877, 5 years
Mehwalt,
Addie, April 15, 1876, 2 years
Menasco,
Mabel, July 30, 1876, 3 months
Meyer,
Katie K., February 17, 1878, 4 years
Miller,
Emma, June 10, 1878, 15 years
Mary I., December 11, 1876, 2 years
Milliken,
Charles R., September 9, 1877, 5 months
Morton,
Son of Asa, March 4, 1877
29
�Murphy,
Richard E., May 21, 1877, 9 months
Myer,
Kitty E., February 17, 1878, 4 years
Neumann,
Edna A., February 25, 1878, 1 year
Nugent,
John J., November 2, 1877, 9 months
Passion,
Nicholas, July 20, 1877, 4 months
Patten,
Josephine, October 4, 1877, 4 years
Patterson,
Elizabeth A., October 11, 1876, 5 months
Pepin,
Matilda, January 22, 1878, 17 years
Pierce,
Harvey, June 19, 1876, 4 months
Quinn,
Son of Patrick, December 26, 1878
Ray,
Lizzie G., Hay 19, 1878, 2 years
Reed,
Edward H., February 12, 1876, 12 years
Son of D.W., August 2, 1876, 7 months
Royce,
Leonard, November 3, 1877, 2 years
Sayles,
Hattie, February 5, 1877, 5 years
30
�Schell,
Matilda, December 18, 1877, 15 months
Schwartz,
Marksey, November 7, 1877, 7 years
Scott,
Nancy, January 10, 1878, 2 years
Senate,
Bob, June 27, 1877, 6 years
Shelby,
Lizzle, January 31, 1877, 11 years
Silveria,
Antonio, February 14, 1878, 8 months
Simms,
Wade, September 25, 1877, 11 months
Sloan,
Charles W., January 21, 1877, 6 years
Clarence J., January 22, 1877, 2 years
Smith,
Daughter of C., June 18, 1877, 6 years
Georgie E., December 12, 1877, 3 years
Steen,
Amy, December 1, 1877, 14 years
Stow,
Clara B., October 5, 1877, 2 years
Stratford,
Evylyn, August 13, 1876, 6 years
Struve,
Emma, September 21, 1876, 7 months
31
�Tanner,
Child of Mr., June 1877
Therwachter,
Charlie, January 28, 1878, 3 years
Tucker,
Abbie F., July 9, 1877, 6 weeks
Susie, March 9, 1877, 2 years
Tufts,
Henry, April 30, 1877, 2 years
Rufus, May 29, 1877, 3 years
Warren, 2 years
Turner,
Joseph S., December 3, 1876, 8 months
Vasquez,
Rose L., November 5, 1876, 6 years
Wagner,
Lena, October 9, 1877, 2 years
Weeks,
George A., October 19, 1877, 7 years
Wente,
Ann, August 3, 1876, 1 month
Werner,
Child of C.F., December 1, 1877, 3 months
Whinery,
Harry R., December 6, 1876, 5 years
Martha E., December 8, 1876, 7 years
White,
High L., July 13, 1877, 3 years
32
�Wiley,
Maggie, February 2, 1877, 17 years
Wimken,
Annie, December 7, 1877, 9 years
Young,
Bertie H., December 4, 1877, 4 years
Footnotes
*Other sources indicate that the child’s name was Jacob and that the date of death and father’s name given
here are incorrect. From “Between the Redwoods and the Bay” by George J. Fogelson (SC Museum of Art and
History, 2017): “Isaac Fleisig (1852-1919) married Sarah Horwitz (1854-1936) in New York in 1873. They left
Brooklyn two months after the birth of their son Harry on September 16, 1873, and settled in Soquel by 1874.
Tragedy struck when their infant son Jacob died in Soquel the following year. He is among the first burials at
the cemetery. His grave reads ‘Infant Fleisig, son of I. & S. Fleisig, died January 26, 1878, aged 5 months.’
Source
Published by Cliffside Publishing, 1993. Copyright 1993 Phil Reader. Text and photographs reproduced with
the permission of Phil Reader.
It is the library’s intent to provide accurate information, however, it is not possible for the library to completely
verify the accuracy of all information. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are
incorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library.
33
�
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Santa Cruz History Articles
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Articles on Santa Cruz County history, many with illustrations, are available here.
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AR-199
Title
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Voices of the Heart: Memorial Poems from the Diphtheria Epidemic of 1876-78
Subject
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Drew, Cora
Epidemics
Diseases
Poetry and Poets
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Compiled, and with an introduction, by Phil Reader
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Reader, Phil
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Santa Cruz, CA: Cliffside Publishing, 1993
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
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1993
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Santa Cruz (County)
1870s
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En
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Copyright 1993 Phil Reader. Text and photographs reproduced with the permission of Phil Reader.
Arts and Entertainment
Biography
Medicine
-
https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/fc3c54a46718b8b1cb937a167f1e0dea.pdf
276bfbc08cad5ed21b743444d36d8663
PDF Text
Text
History of the County's Emeline Street Complex
This section provides a chronological history of the County Buildings housed at the Emeline Street Complex and various
health care services provided in each of the buildings over the years. Attachment A of this Report [not included in web
version] contains a map of the Emeline Street Complex which shows the location of most of the buildings discussed in
this section.
1877
A men's infirmary section was constructed at the Emeline site. The building was called the County Poor Farm and housed
all manner of ill, infirmed and indigent men.
1885
The infirmary was added to and a second facility was constructed. The second facility -- a two-story building -- was the
first County Hospital and accommodated surgical care and provided for chronically ill patients. The hospital was erected
on land behind Building D and adjacent to Carbonera Creek which is now a parking lot.
This building remained in service for a variety of purposes until 1975 when the County was paid for its demolition. The
demolition in this instance involved taking the facility down board by board for the purpose of salvaging and reselling
the virgin redwood that was used in its construction.
The building was last used by the Community Action Board and housed the original CAB food distribution program which
later became Food and Nutrition Services.
1925
In 1925, the original wing of the 1040/1100 Emeline building (Building E "Old County Hospital") was constructed as a
modern and larger hospital facility to accommodate the growing need for health care in the community. This structure
was subsequently expanded during its many years of service as the County General Hospital. The County's population in
1925 was approximately 30,000.
The 1925 facility was the only General hospital in the North Santa Cruz County until Sisters Hospital was opened by the
Dominican Sisters of Adrian Michigan in 1938. The General Hospital served a critical and important role for the residents
of Santa Cruz County.
1952
A Juvenile Hall was built at Emeline. The administrative offices and "cell blocks" operated until the new Juvenile Hall was
constructed on Graham Hill Road in 1967.
1957
1
�In 1957, a 21-bed hospital facility was constructed at 1060/1070 Emeline which is now known as Building F to provide
care and treatment for tuberculosis patients and those with other communicable diseases. Originally called the Chest
Building, this facility currently houses several of the Community Mental Health Services programs and Community
Mental Health administration. The County's population was now approximately 80,000.
The 1000 Emeline Building (Building A) was also built in 1957 with Hill-Burton money to house the County's Public Health
Department including the Public Health laboratory and clinics. The County Health Department was separate and distinct
from the County Hospital until 1974 when the County Health Services Agency was created to improve the coordination
and effectiveness of County Public Health, Medical Care and Mental Health Services. Building A currently [1991] provides
space for HRA administration and the methadone program which is operated by a private non-profit contractor.
1960
The Ferguson Memorial Rehabilitation Center—1020 Emeline (Building B)—was dedicated in 1960. This building was
originally constructed to provide for the care and rehabilitation of the aged, as an extended care facility, and as the
center for community mental health services. Licensed for 60 beds, frail elderly indigents lived in this facility until 1974
when the closure of General Hospital made its operation economically infeasible. The Neuro-psychiatric unit was also
located in this facility in the basement.
1968
The 1080 Emeline building (Building D), the new County Hospital was completed. This three-story structure was
originally a 65-bed full service, 24-hour facility. It was designed with expansion potential for an additional two floors.
When the Old General Hospital was vacated, an eight-bed alcohol detoxification unit was started. Outpatient counseling
for alcoholics was also started. The old hospital also housed a Youth Hostel for two years in the early 1970s and "Papa
Dawson's Drug Abuse Prevention Facility."
In 1973, the County General Hospital employed over 350 hospital employees and mental health staff, with hospital care
provided on a 24-hour in-patient basis. This facility included obstetrics, pediatrics, and the only emergency room in the
county. Ambulances brought trauma patients from all over the County to General Hospital 24-hours a day.
Following the opening of the new County General Hospital in 1968 the Emeline Street Complex was a thriving and active
operation with several twenty four a day operations. Records from this period show:
The average daily census of inpatients during 1969–1970 at the Emeline hospital facility was 128 people.
The total number of inpatient days were 46,220.
There were 310 full-time equivalent employees in the Hospital alone.
7,000 emergency room services and 9,500 clinic visits were provided.
11,600 immunizations and 21,000 laboratory tests were performed.
At this time there were plans for expansion and the County Administrative Officer's Capital Improvement Report of 1969
outlined a seven year program to add 164,750 square feet of new and improved facilities at the Emeline Street Complex.
The new facilities proposed in that plan are listed below:
Item
Square Feet
Girls Group Home
Hospital Emergency Operations Center
Addition of 3rd and 4th Floors to the new General Hospital
Health Department Expansion
Hospital 1st Floor Expansion
3,000
5,000
36,000
750
20,000
2
�Welfare Building
Hospital Mental Health and Outpatient Wing
50,000
50,000
Total New Square Feet
164,750
None of the buildings listed above were ever built and shortly after this list was compiled there was a significant decline
in the demand for County Inpatient Services as a result of a change in Federal health policy. From its beginning in 1873
through 1968, as a result of Federal and State law, the County was the health care provider of last resort and enjoyed an
almost exclusive monopoly on the provision of health care services to the poor and the unfortunate. It was a significant
responsibility and Santa Cruz County, judging from the army of facilities and services it made available, took this
responsibility very seriously.
The fact that public hospitals were the health care provider of last resort and that most of their services were rendered
to the poor had unfortunate consequences when Federal and State health care policy changed. As a result of their
historic role County Hospitals and County Institutions, regardless of the quality of care they provided, had the stigma of
second class institutions when care was given to only those persons who could not receive care anywhere else.
In 1968 the financial environment for health care delivery changed as a result of a new Federal Act which authorized and
funded the Federal Medicaid Program which is known in California as Medi-Cal. This new program provided for Federal
and State Payments for the health care needs of the poor at any institution which would accept Medi-Cal and not just
the County.
The poor now had the option of going to other than County health care providers. Because County institutions had the
reputation, often undeserved, of providing second class care, the poor exercised their option to use mainstream
medicine and demand for County health care services began to decline.
1973
The general hospital function was discontinued at Emeline in 1973, and the emergency room and in-patient medical
surgical and intensive care beds closed and only the neuro-psychiatric component of the County General Hospital
remained in operation. The closure of the Hospital occurred largely as a result of changes in federal and state policy
regarding Medicaid and MediCal coverage for persons formerly dependent on the County. The County contracted with
Dominican Santa Cruz, Community and Watsonville Community Hospital to provide for emergency and inpatient hospital
care. Shortly thereafter the County's extended care unit for the elderly was also closed.
1975
In 1975, the neuro-psychiatric facility was re-located from the Ferguson Building to the 2nd floor of 1080 Emeline
building where the intensive care unit had been housed. Crisis evaluation and observation of the mentally ill was
provided at the same location.
1983
In 1983, the inpatient psychiatric hospital was closed and patients transferred to Dominican Hospital which built a new
inpatient psychiatric unit under a special contact with the County.
The 1080 Emeline building is now [1991] used as the County's outpatient clinic and houses Health Services
administration, Public Health administration, Public Health Nursing, Health Education, and Alcohol and Drug Programs
administration.
3
�Sources
Excerpt from: Attachment 1: Background Report on the County's Emeline Street Complex, prepared by the
County Administrative Office in Conjunction with the Health Services and Human Resources Agencies, pp. 1-6;
Appendix F of the Revised Draft Environmental Impact Report for the Santa Cruz County Health
Services/Human Resources Building, 1992.
The content of this article is the responsibility of the individual author. It is the Library's intent to provide accurate local history
information. However, it is not possible for the Library to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a
variety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are incorrect and can provide documentation,
please contact the Webmaster.
4
�
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Santa Cruz History Articles
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AR-155
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History of the County's Emeline Street Complex
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Santa Cruz County Administrative Office
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Excerpt from: "Attachment 1: Background Report on the County's Emeline Street Complex", prepared by the County Administrative Office in Conjunction with the Health Services and Human Resources Agencies, pp. 1-6; "Appendix F of the Revised Draft Environmental Impact Report for the Santa Cruz County Health Services/Human Resources Building", 1992.
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
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1992-
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Text
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En
Type
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ARTICLE
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Santa Cruz (County)
Emeline Street
Hospitals
Santa Cruz County General Hospital
Coverage
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Santa Cruz (City)
Buildings
Government
Medicine
-
https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/440f66d4ee01d074f5b97becb349cb56.jpg
fe9ac11ba04af0ef5ce276fb24092afe
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Snapshot Stories
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Photographs with a unique perspective on local history, collected from county residents.
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A. Detlefsen and Wife at the County Hospital
Description
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A. Detlefsen of Watsonville visits the County Hospital. The Detlefsen family is related to Benjamin F. Crews on the maternal side.
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Crews, Madeline
Publisher
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
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Image
Language
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En
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PHOTO
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SS-CREWSM-09
Date
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circa 1900-1919
Coverage
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Santa Cruz (City)
1900s
1910s
Subject
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Hospitals
Santa Cruz County Hospital
Detlefsen, A.
Automobiles
Medicine
Portraits
-
https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/7be5dc51df3f34601de93fce95a137fd.jpg
cb3b67db1ff97ce49b558b67cafc9826
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Photographs with a unique perspective on local history, collected from county residents.
Most of these photographs were gathered during a series of public events between 2013 and 2016. In most cases the photos are the property of the contributors. Please contact the library regarding the rights for reproduction.
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3x5
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Benjamin Crews and Family
Description
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Benjamin F. Crews, Hospital Director, and his family posing in front of the Santa Cruz County Hospital
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Crews, Madeline
Publisher
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
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Image
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En
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PHOTO
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SS-CREWSM-02
Date
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1920's
Coverage
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Santa Cruz (City)
1920s
Subject
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Crews, Benjamin
Crews Family
Hospitals
Santa Cruz County Hospital
Medicine
Portraits
-
https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/1705921c909ed8429d34543a63f7048d.jpg
1ad6ff5a8eb76742260d73fe269d070d
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Snapshot Stories
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Photographs with a unique perspective on local history, collected from county residents.
Most of these photographs were gathered during a series of public events between 2013 and 2016. In most cases the photos are the property of the contributors. Please contact the library regarding the rights for reproduction.
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
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3x4
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Title
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Portrait of Benjamin F. Crews
Subject
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Crews, Benjamin
Hospitals
Santa Cruz County Hospital
Description
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Benjamin F. Crews was the director of the Santa Cruz County Hospital 1911-1931.
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Crews, Madeline
Publisher
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
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Image
Language
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En
Type
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PHOTO
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SS-CREWSM-01
Date
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circa 1920-1939
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Santa Cruz (City)
1920s
1930s
Medicine
Portraits
-
https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/132aa450d24ea56c0570a105e0fba87d.jpg
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Photograph Collection
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Photographs from the 1860's to the 2000's, documenting the history of Santa Cruz County.
See the <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/restrictions-on-use">About</a><a> sectionfor the library's reproduction policy and restrictions on use.</a>
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B&W
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4"x3"
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LH-0030
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June 1910
Title
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Staff and patients on the steps of the Dr. P. K. Watters' Hospital
Description
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Staff and patients on the steps of the Dr. P. K. Watters' Hospital.
<a href="http://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/sources-used-to-identify-photographs/">Source of information:</a> Written on front of mounting
Coverage
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Watsonville
1910s
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This photograph is the property of the Santa Cruz Public Libraries, California.
<a href="http://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/restrictions-on-use/">Restrictions on Use</a>
Subject
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Hospitals
Dr. P.K. Watters' Hospital
Publisher
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
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Image
Language
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En
Type
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PHOTO
Business
Medicine
-
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2991a95e0b593132e7085b8c21f50bef
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Snapshot Stories
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Photographs with a unique perspective on local history, collected from county residents.
Most of these photographs were gathered during a series of public events between 2013 and 2016. In most cases the photos are the property of the contributors. Please contact the library regarding the rights for reproduction.
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
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PHOTO
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Dr. Miller, Dentist
Subject
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Miller, Joseph
Dentists
Description
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Office of dentist Joseph P. Miller on Cedar Street
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Garcia, Briana
Publisher
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
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IMAGE
Language
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EN
Type
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PHOTO
Identifier
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SS-GARCIAB-01
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Santa Cruz (City)
Buildings
Medicine
-
https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/559207db42c0a752c65f407698937a1f.jpg
6350984c431982bbc01df3eefa69b382
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Snapshot Stories
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An account of the resource
Photographs with a unique perspective on local history, collected from county residents.
Most of these photographs were gathered during a series of public events between 2013 and 2016. In most cases the photos are the property of the contributors. Please contact the library regarding the rights for reproduction.
Publisher
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
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PHOTO
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3x3
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Nurses at Watsonville Hospital
Source
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Mekis, Audrey
Publisher
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Date
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1946
Format
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IMAGE
Language
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EN
Type
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PHOTO
Identifier
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SS-MEKISA-01
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1940s
Watsonville
Medicine
Portraits