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Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.
In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from The Mountain Echo. The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see The Mountain Echo."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840007"},["text","Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - Ask Us.
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Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.
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Jackson a young African American from Watsonville traveled around the world with all of the leading\nBlack Minstrel troupes. During the 1880s, he performed before the royal courts of Europe.\nLondon Nelson, [a.k.a Louden Nelson] an ex-slave from Tennessee, left his entire estate \"to the children of\nSanta Cruz\" and this generous bequest made it possible to reopen the local schools after they had been\nallowed to close.\nIda B. Wells one of the founders of the NAACP, and a leading figure in Black history, could be found with her\nfamily on the streets of Santa Cruz during the early 1890s.\nDaniel Rodgers a Negro 49er from Arkansas, won his own freedom from an unscrupulous master and led a\nwagon train of ex-slaves to Watsonville where they established a large, vigorous Black community.\nIrva Bowen became the first African American to be elected to office when she won a seat on the Board of\nTrustees for the Santa Cruz City Schools in 1978.\n\nINTRODUCTION\nAmericans of African lineage are a people whose historical legacy is of one bondage. Men and women stolen\nfrom their homes, stripped of their human rights, enslaved, embruted and subjected to every imaginable form\nof exploitation. Yet under these most undesirable of circumstances, they have not only persevered, but\nexpanded as a social, economic and cultural group.\n1\n\n�At the very same time, however, assimilation into the \"mainstream\" of American life has been slow and\nfraught with difficulty--that is even if assimilation is a desirable goal in the first place. For this, the reasons are\nmany and varied, and would require a voluminous amount of space to elucidate upon. But for the purposes of\nthis study, suffice it to say quite simply that all to often, African Americans have found themselves the subject\nof racial and economic prejudice.\nThroughout the two hundred year history of Santa Cruz County, however, African Americans are, without\nquestion, the invisible minority. Until recently their numbers were always comparatively small, and this, in a\nstrange way, may very well have been a boon. Racism has always been a basic component in the socioeconomic makeup of this community, but it has been the more visible minorities which have born the brunt of\nthis mindless prejudice.\nEven a cursory examination of local history will reveal the reoccurring cycle of \"scapegoatism\" which has long\nplagued the non-white citizens of the region. It began at the very advent of colonization during the 18th\ncentury, when the Spanish moved into the area establishing Missions and Pueblos for the duel purposes of\neconomic gain and religious conversion.\nThey found living here, a migratory stone age people whom they immediately subjugated, forced them into a\nsettled way of life and replaced their natural religion with Christianity. The padres looked upon these \"Indians\"\nas simple-minded children; controlling every aspect of their lives. In time, the ravages of European diseases,\nsuch as Small Pox and Syphilis, drastically reduced their number and those few that did survive, were forced\ninto positions of servitude upon the cattle ranchos which dotted the area during the first half of the l9th\ncentury.\nNext, it was the Spanish-speaking native born \"Californios\", who were to find themselves subjected to the\nintolerance and bigotry which so often is unleashed upon a conquered people. Following the American take\nover of California in 1848, there occurred a twenty-five year period of intense Hispanophobia during which the\nvast majority of the land found its way into the hands of the aggressive Yankees -- most in a dubious manner.\nIt was a time marked by countless incidents of mob violence taking the form of beatings, murders and\nlynchings.\nOn the heels of this came a highly organized attempt to rid the region of Chinese. The slogan of the day was\n\"The Chinese Must Go.\" and it can be found splashed across the pages of area newspapers during the l870s\nand 1880s. A wave of anti-Oriental hysteria swept the state and gave rise to the Workingman's Party and the\nratification of a new state constitution denying suffrage to any native of China. Riots in the Chinatown districts\nof most towns became common place and, in 1879, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act.\nThroughout the remainder of the century one minority group after another became the subject of this cycle of\nracism. These periods of oppression normally coincided with fluctuations in the economic scale. The anger and\nfrustration at a system which brought about \"hard times\" were, all together too often, taken out on an\ninnocent scapegoat, usually one of a different color or creed.\nAt the turn of the 20th Century and World War I, following wave after wave of European immigration, intense\nfeelings of anti-foreignism and tendency towards isolation surfaced in America. The Great War, and the\npatriotic zeal which accompanied it, created the need for a new set of scapegoats and they were found in\nthese newcomers with their strange languages, customs and ideas. Anyone espousing a so called \"antiAmerican\" ideology was suspect i.e. Trade Unionist, Socialist, or Anarchists.\n2\n\n�However, racism in California hit it's peak at the beginning of World War II, when hundreds of thousands of\nwest coast Japanese were disposed of their homes and personal property, and sent to Internment Camps in\nisolated areas. Even today, the repression continues with a new wave of anti-Latino feelings as expressed in\nthe passage of the controversial Proposition 187 in 1994.\nThroughout every one of these epochs of our local history, there was an African American presence in Santa\nCruz County, but because of their small number, they were spared the intensity of the racial hatred\nexperienced by other minority groups; no beatings, lynchings, or forced relocations. But this is not to say that\nthe settlement of black pioneers in the Monterey Bay region was not without incident.\nDuring the 19th century, the Watsonville school system was segregated for a long period of time and between\nthe World Wars, Negro tourists were barred from hotels and auto camps in Santa Cruz. When the 54th Coast\nArtillery Company was stationed at Lighthouse field in 1942, numerous local businesses refused to serve the\nmembers of this all colored unit. In the decades following the Second World War, many of the new African\nAmerican families moving into the area found housing difficult to obtain and on several occasions, white\nresidents attempted to block the integration of their neighborhoods, sometimes resorting to arson. The only\nemployment available to colored workers were in low paying service industries, including that of a barber,\nshoe shiner, or general laborer. So even here in Santa Cruz County, with it's reputation for tolerance, the path\nof progress for citizens of African descent has not always been smooth.\nViewed as a whole, however, there is a singular thread of success and accomplishment which runs through the\nhistory of various African American communities which have existed in our region.\nDuring the final decades of the 19th century, sizable Negro settlements could be found in the Watsonville and\nHollister areas. Both were vibrant and long lasting communities, which contributed much to the general\npopulace. In some areas the race was represented by lone individuals, or single families.\nThere were Black sailors serving aboard the vessels that prowled the Pacific Ocean on voyages of discovery.\nTrappers and explorers like Allen Light and Jim Beckwourth were solitary men, who usually shunned the\ncompany of other men and saw the country while most of it was still quite new and unnamed.\nBut it was the gold rush of 1849, that great wave of western migration, that brought a generation of African\nAmerican pioneers to California. They came from both the North and the South, and were both free men and\nslaves. Many of them brought their families and, unlike their white counterpart, a surprising number of\nunattached females could be found in the groups. One noble lady, Miss Julia Cole, of the Gilmore Colony, was\n104 years of age when she made the journey across the plains.\nOnce these intrepid pioneers established themselves in the Monterey Bay area, they went on to leave their\nmark on local history. Much has been said and written about London Nelson, the Carolina born ex-slave, who,\nthrough a generous bequeath, saved the floundering Santa Cruz School District. In Watsonville, Jim Brodis, a\nrunaway slave, has made the history books and even had a street named in his honor.\nNobel Prize winning author John Steinbeck drew upon members of the local Black community as inspiration\nfor characters in several of his major works. Crooks, the Black hired man in Of Mice And Men is patterned\nafter Ishmael Williams, a club-footed teamster from the San Benito Valley. Steinbeck fondly remembered the\nStrother Cooper family as part of a section on civil rights activists in one of his later works, Travels With\nCharley.\n3\n\n�But beyond these few examples, the history of local African Americans has remained relatively unexplored.\nVirtually unmentioned in the annals of the Monterey Bay area is the fact that Ida B. Wells, one of the major\nfigures in U.S. Black history, spent a large amount of time in Santa Cruz visiting with her family at their home\non River Street during the 1890s. Also unheralded is the story of the first three Black graduates from local\nschools, all of whom went on to become the editors of large circulation newspapers.\nThis long hidden history is laced with stories of bravery and courage under the most adverse circumstances.\nLife under frontier conditions in early day California was difficult enough even for the relatively well-educated\nwhites from the Northern and New England states. But add to this the double burden of slavery and\ndiscrimination and it is easy to see the outstanding quality of men and women who made up the pioneer\nAfrican American communities along Monterey Bay.\nWhat follows is an abbreviated chronological outline of the major events and people in this fascinating history.\nIt is intended merely as a guideline for further research and story development, and like all history, it is\nongoing. But, at the very least, it can be a starting place which will no doubt lead the diligent researcher to\nmore interesting vistas and horizons.\n\nCHRONOLOGY 1542-1860\nCALIFORNIA COAST 1542\nWhen Spanish explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo first sighted the coast of California, there were\ncrewmen of African ancestry aboard his vessel.\nTHE PACIFIC RIM 1565+\nThe Manila Galleons, Spanish trading ships making yearly commercial voyages to the east Asia region,\nalso had a compliment of Negro sailors.\nMONTEREY BAY 1602\nOn December 16, 1602, Sebastian Vizcaino, a Spanish merchant-adventurer, sailed into Monterey Bay\non a voyage of discovery. One able-bodied seaman, who was among those to make first landfall, was\nsaid to have been of African ancestry.\nMONTEREY BAY 1770\n\"The Sacred Expeditions\" under Padre Junipero Serra arrived\naboard the San Antonio to establish a mission. Two members of\nthe crew were Alexo Nuno and Ignacio Ramirez, both former\nslaves of African descent.\nGrave of Alexo Nuno in Monterey\n\n4\n\n�MONTEREY BAY 1770\nThe Presidio of Monterey was founded and became the governmental center of Alta California, the\nnorthernmost province of New Spain.\nUNITED STATES 1776\nThe thirteen colonies in British North America declared themselves to be a sovereign nation free from\nthe rule of the monarchy.\nSANTA CRUZ 1791\nThe Santa Cruz Mission was founded on August 28 1791 by Father Fermin Lasuen.\nSANTA CRUZ 1797\nThe Pueblo de Branciforte was established on the bluffs above the east bank of the San Lorenzo River.\nMONTEREY BAY 1818\nHippolyte de Bouchard, a French privateer, flying the flag of Argentine, sailed up the coast and sacked\nMonterey, the capital city of Alta California. Many of those aboard his two vessels were Africans.\nMEXICO 1822\nThe Mexican nation was created when the area known as New Spain declared its independence from\nthe Spanish Empire. Alta California remained a province, with Monterey as its capital.\nSANTA CRUZ 1835\nAllen Light, a free black and native of Virginia, who was a crew member of the Pilgrim, (the ship which\ncarried Richard Henry Dana), jumped ship at Santa Barbara and became a famous otter hunter. Known\nas \"Black Steward\", he explored the California coast, including Monterey Bay, where he probed the\nPajaro, Soquel and San Lorenzo rivers in quest of pelts. He was the first African American to set foot in\nthe land which one day would be Santa Cruz County.\nCALIFORNIA 1843\nJoseph McAfee, a former slave from Kentucky and Missouri, came west to California in the wake of\nJohn C. Fremont's expedition, settling first in Solano County. In 1846, he joined the Bear Flag Party\nwhen they marched on General Mariano Vallejo at Sonoma. This event began the struggle which ended\nwith the conquest of California by the Americans in 1848.\nCALIFORNIA 1845\nPio Pico, a Mexican political leader of African ancestry, became governor of Alta California.\nSANTA CRUZ 1848\nJim Beckwourth, free born native of Virginia, led a life of unparalleled adventure as a mountain man,\ntrapper, Indian chief, Indian fighter, scout, businessman and horse thief. In 1848, he led a party west to\nCalifornia via the Santa Fe Trail. For a time, Beckwourth carried the express mail between Nipomo and\nMonterey. While on the central coast, Beckwourth took time to explore the Santa Cruz region.\n5\n\n�CALIFORNIA 1848\nWith the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, marking the end of the Mexican American War,\nMexico ceded the lands of California to the United States. A few scant weeks later gold was discovered\nat Sutter's mill.\nSANTA CRUZ 1848\nThe town of Santa Cruz came into being as a American settlement on the west bank of the San Lorenzo\nRiver.\nSANTA CRUZ COUNTY 1849\nDaniel Rodgers arrived at the Pajaro Valley with his master from Arkansas on their way to the gold\nfields. They worked on the Amesti ranch and cut redwoods in the mountains above Soquel before\ncontinuing on to the mines. By 1852, they were back in Arkansas where Rodgers earned his freedom\nand prepared to lead a wagon train of his neighbors out west to the Pajaro Valley.\nCALIFORNIA 1849-1853\nCountless numbers of African Americans, both free and slave, traveled to California in quest of gold.\nMany would later settle in Santa Cruz County. They include, among others, Robert Francis, Joseph\nSmallwood, George Chester, London Nelson [a.k.a Louden Nelson], James Brodis, Dave Boffman and\nJim Nelson.\nCALIFORNIA 1850\nCalifornia was admitted to the union as a free state although the Fugitive Slave Law was enforced\nduring the first few years of statehood. A legislature dominated by southerners refused African\nAmericans the right of testimony, equal educational opportunity, etc.\nCALIFORNIA 1850\nThe 1850 U. S. Census revealed no identifiable African Americans living in Santa Cruz County.\nWATSONVILLE 1851\nJim Brodis ran away from his master while mining on the Yuba River. He escaped to the Pajaro Valley\nwhere he worked for J. Bryant Hill and William F. White. Vowing never to return to his native Kentucky,\nhe hid out until after Emancipation. Jim later purchased a farm on the Santa Cruz road near the Pioneer\ncemetery. There is a street in the area named in his honor.\nWATSONVILLE 1851\nJames Watson, for whom Watsonville is named and the first county judge, arrived at the Pajaro Valley\nwith \" his slave Jim\". Although legend has it that Jim earned his freedom in the mines, what became of\nhim is unknown.\n\n6\n\n�MONTEREY BAY 1852\nA band of outlaws, led by a renegade black man-- probably a runaway slave- prowled about the\nMonterey Bay region, running off hundreds of head of horses and cattle. After they massacred more\nthan a dozen people at the San Luis Gonzaga ranch, the gang was chased south by a vigilance\ncommittee.\nCALIFORNIA 1852\nThe 1852 California Census showed no African Americans living in Santa Cruz County.\nWATSONVILLE 1852\nThe town of Watsonville came into being as a settlement at the ford of the Pajaro River.\nSANTA CRUZ 1852\nDave Boffman, after earning his freedom in the mines, moved to the Santa Cruz mountains where he\nrented a sawmill. He later owned farms in Rodeo Gulch and on Vine Hill. He was the first Black to buy\nland in Santa Cruz County.\nCALIFORNIA 1852\nThe Franchise League was organized in San Francisco for the express purpose of gaining the right of\ntestimony for Negro citizens.\nWATSONVILLE 1853\nRobert Johnson and his family settled in Watsonville, being the first of Daniel Rodgers' Arkansas River\nValley group to arrive. Johnson bought a large section of land in the East Lake district with the help of\npioneers such as Sanborn, Alexander, Cooper, Martinelli and other like-minded liberal whites.\nMONTEREY 1854\nThe James Anthony family, a Black family who operated a inn and ferry service on the Salinas River,\nwere massacred by a band of desperadoes.\nCALIFORNIA 1855-1857\nA series of Colored Citizens Conventions were held at San Francisco and Sacramento aimed at securing\ncitizenship enfranchisement for African Americans. Santa Cruz was represented by William H. Mills and\nlater, Philip Bell. Joseph Smallwood, who represented El Dorado county at the meetings, moved to\nSanta Cruz in 1868.\nSANTA CRUZ 1856\nLondon Nelson [a.k.a Louden Nelson], born in North Carolina, relocated to Santa Cruz after gaining his\nfreedom in the mines. He earned a meager living doing odd jobs while growing fruit and vegetables on\nhis home site on Water Street.\n\n7\n\n�CORRALITOS 1856\nLewis Bardin, a slave of the James Bardin family, was brought to California where he worked as a\nservant in the Bardin household at Salinas. After ducking out on his old master, he farmed a few acres\nin the Corralitos district.\nCALIFORNIA 1856\nAs an offshoot of the Colored Citizens Convention, The San Francisco Mirror of the Times, the first\nBlack newspaper on the west coast, began publication.\nSANTA CRUZ 1857\nGeorge Chester, native of Philadelphia, located in Santa Cruz for a short time before moving on to San\nJose where he farmed a tract of land near Gilroy. In 1862, he returned to Santa Cruz and opened up a\nseries of small businesses.\nWATSONVILLE 1857\nJohn Derrick, a recently freed slave, and another of the Arkansas River Valley group, arrived at\nWatsonville to join Robert Johnson. He took Up farming and awaited the arrival of Daniel Rodgers. He\nwould later marry one of Rodgers' daughters and raise a large, very successful family.\nSAN JUAN 1858\nIshmael Williams, a club-footed ex-slave from Georgia arrived in eastern Monterey county, later San\nBenito county. He established himself at San Juan where he entered into business. The 1860 census\nappraised his real and personal property at over $10,000. However, as the result of a bad marriage, he\nlost his capital and found work as a teamster at the New Idria Quicksilver Mines, hauling the Cinnabar\nto Alviso. He became well known through out the area.\nWATSONVILLE 1858\nA few black children were allowed seats in the primary school by the teacher Dr. William Miller. But\nafter a number of white parents complained, the children had to be removed and were taught in\nprivate homes.\nCALIFORNIA 1858\nThe Archy Lee fugitive slave case draws much needed attention to the problem of runaway slaves. It\nalso sparks another round of Black activism. As a result, Lee was given his freedom and the Fugitive\nSlave law was no longer enforced in California.\nWATSONVILLE 1859\nRichard Campbell, an ex-slave from Alabama, who had come west to California in '49, settled in the\nPajaro Valley. For 33 years, he was employed as the janitor for the Bank of Watsonville.\nSANTA CRUZ COUNTY 1860\nThe 1860 U. S. Census revealed that there were 32 African Americans living in Santa Cruz County.\n8\n\n�SANTA CRUZ 1860\nBlack jockeys and trainers began to appear at the horse racing track located near what is now\nLighthouse Point.\nWATSONVILLE 1860\nDaniel Rodgers arrived at the Pajaro Valley after a year-long ox cart journey across the plains. He\nbought with him his family and the news that a large number of other families would be following him\nfrom Arkansas. He quickly assumed the leadership of a flourishing African American community in\nWatsonville.\nSANTA CRUZ 1860\nLondon Nelson [a.k.a Louden Nelson] died after a long illness. In his Will, he left his entire estate to the\nschool children of Santa Cruz to be used for the enhancement of their education. His gift made it\npossible for the public school to reopen after white citizens had allowed it to close.\nSANTA CRUZ 1860\nEx-slave Dave Boffman, called \"Uncle Dave\", was bilked out of his land and possessions by then Sheriff\nJohn R. Porter. Uncle Dave lost the suit because Negroes were not allowed to testify in court.\n\nCHRONOLOGY 1861-1899\nFELTON 1861\nA Black miner named Robins, living in Gold Gulch, was shot in the head during a quarrel over mining\nrights. John Lewis, another colored man, was arrested on a charge of Assault with Intent to Commit\nMurder. He was tried and acquitted when the jury could not agree.\nWATSONVILLE 1861\nThe local Black community hired Mrs. L. C. Clark to teach African\nAmerican children at her home in Watsonville. Dan Rodgers and his sonsin-law Robert Johnson and John Derrick began what is to become a 20\nyear struggle to break the color line in Watsonville Schools.\nUNITED STATES 1861\nThe American Civil War broke out after secession and the attack on Fort\nDan Rodgers\nSumner. Slavery was to become a flash point of the conflict. Locally, the\nresidents in the cities of Watsonville and Santa Cruz generally supported the Union, while any of those\nin the outlying areas, farmers from the southern states and many Irish settlers, took the side of the\nConfederacy. The county sent several military units to fight for the north, while there was a limited\namount of activity in the region by Confederate Irregulars.\n9\n\n�CALIFORNIA 1862\nA second Black weekly newspaper The Pacific Appeal, was founded in San\nFrancisco by Philip Bell and Peter Anderson.\nCALIFORNIA 1862\nAfter much agitation, African Americans were finally granted the right of\ntestimony.\n\nPhilip Bell\n\nSANTA CRUZ 1862\n\nJoe McAfee, the old \"Bear Flagger,\" moved to Santa Cruz where he opened a bootblack stand on Pacific\nAvenue. He became an orator for the local Republican Party.\nUNITED STATES 1862\nIn December, President Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation.\nSANTA CRUZ 1863\nThe Emancipation Proclamation went into effect on January 1st. The long nightmare of slavery was\nover. There was much celebration locally among both Blacks and whites.\nSANTA CRUZ 1863\nSamuel Padmore, an old miner and swamper at several saloons on Front Street, died in his sleep. He\nwas buried at the Evergreen Cemetery.\nUNITED STATES 1865\nOn April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General U. S. Grant at Appomattox and the Civil\nWar ended.\nUNITED STATES 1865\nThe 13th Amendment, formally banning slavery, was passed by Congress.\nUNITED STATES 1865\nThe Ku Klux Klan was founded in Tennessee. While there was some Klan violence in California,\nincluding a church bombing in nearby San Jose, there is no evidence of the \"old Klan\" ever being in\nSanta Cruz county.\nCALIFORNIA 1865\nAnother state convention of colored citizens was held at Sacramento and established standing\ncommittees on education and voting rights. Philip Bell represented Santa Cruz county while Joe\nSmallwood attended as a delegate from San Francisco.\n\n10\n\n�CALIFORNIA 1865\nPhilip Bell, after having a falling out with Peter Anderson, left the Appeal and began to publish The\nElevator. There were then two Black newspapers serving California's African American population.\nWATSONVILLE 1865-1870\nA large number of newly freed slaves arrived at Watsonville to expand the sizable African American\ncommunity already residing there. Many of them were from Arkansas and Tennessee, part of Daniel\nRodgers' contingent. They include William Morris, Emily Smith, Amanda Rodgers Logan together with\nher three young sons, Albert, Alfred and Oscar, James Calvin Williams, a blacksmith, and Jane Riley.\nWATSONVILLE 1865\nJefferson Rodgers, a newly freed slave, traveled to Watsonville from Tennessee via the horn in the\ncompany of his ex-masters James and George Rodgers. Jeff and his ancestors, back to his great\ngrandfather, had been servants in the Rodgers household for over 150 years. He took up a farm of his\nown and became a much respected farmer in the Pajaro Valley.\nWATSONVILLE 1866\nA separate \"Negro\" school was established for African American children on East Lake Avenue. The\nland on which it was built was donated by Robert Johnson with the proviso that it be used \"as a school\nhouse to which all children shall be admitted irrespective of color for the purpose of education.\" The\nconcept of a segregated school was, naturally enough, never a popular idea with the local black\ncommunity. During the years of its existence (1866-1879), it had eight teachers; Miss M. J. Moltroupe,\nMiss A. Allison, Lois Poole, Mary Bell, the highly popular Miss Josephine Knowlton, Mrs. Kieth, Mary\nHushbeck, and Fannie Gallagher.\nUNITED STATES 1866\nThe first Civil Rights Bill was passed through congress over President Andrew Johnson's veto. The act\nconferred citizenship enfranchisement to citizens \"of every race and color.\" Once again celebrations\nwere held all across the county. The 14th Amendment is also pushed through congress by radical\nRepublicans, but it needed ratification by the states so it could go into effect.\nSANTA CRUZ 1866\nThe city of Santa Cruz was incorporated.\nWATSONVILLE 1867\nThe first Black church in Santa Cruz county came into being when the Reverend Adam B. Smith of San\nFrancisco founded a branch chapel of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church in Watsonville.\nWATSONVILLE 1868\nThe city of Watsonville was incorporated.\n\n11\n\n�WATSONVILLE 1868\nOscar T. Jackson and his brother Jethro moved to Watsonville where Oscar opened a barber shop and\nJethro started a bill posting service. Oscar would later become a famous minstrel and travel world\nwide.\nSANTA CRUZ 1868\nJoseph Smallwood and Robert Francis moved to Santa Cruz from San Francisco and set up shop at the\nPacific Ocean House. They were 49ers who had met while they were living in Coloma, El Dorado\nCounty. Both were free born, well educated, and politically active. Joe Smallwood, a native of\nEmmettsberg, Maryland, had left a grown family in Philadelphia when he came west to the mines. One\nof his sons was the personal secretary to Salmon P. Chase, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Another,\nthe Superintendent of Public Schools for York County, Pennsylvania. Joe had been a delegate to the\nColored Citizens Conventions. Robert Coleman Francis, a native of Philadelphia, was not only a\nseasoned abolitionist, but a musician of some talent. As a youngster he studied with Frank Johnson,\nthe most celebrated bandmaster of his day. Francis traveled extensively in both the United States and\nEurope with Johnson and was a composer of many musical scores. While in Santa Cruz, he wrote and\narranged the music for the Santa Cruz Brass Band.\nUNITED STATES 1868\nThe 14th Amendment was finally ratified. The 15th Amendment, guaranteeing voting rights to\nNegroes, passed Congress, but it too must await ratification by the states.\nWATSONVILLE 1869\nAlex Wilkins, a barber in Oscar Jackson's shop was shot and killed by outlaws as he was riding home\nafter attending a Fandango at Whisky Hill (now Freedom).\nSANTA CRUZ 1869\nThe first Black children, those of George Chester and Robert Francis, began attending schools in Santa\nCruz.\nSANTA CRUZ COUNTY 1870\nThe 1870 Census enumerated 53 African Americans living in Santa Cruz county.\nUNITED STATES 1870\nThe 15th Amendment was finally ratified by a 2/3 majority of the states and Black voter registration\nbegan.\nSANTA CRUZ COUNTY 1870\nWithin the first three months after the passage of the 15th Amendment, 100% of the black males living\nin the county registered to vote.\n\n12\n\n�CENTRAL COAST 1870\nAfrican Americans from throughout the central coast gathered in Allen's Hall at Watsonville to\ncelebrate the ratification of the 15th Amendment. They were joined in their merriment by white\nsupporters from all across the county. Joe McAfee and William H. Miller, a Salinas barber, were the\norators of the day. The day long event included a breakfast, a picnic, a pot luck dinner and a dance.\nThomas Snodgrass, an old time Abolitionist and avid supporter of Negro rights, was given an\nenthusiastic welcome when he entered the hall. The only drawback to the occasion was when a group\nof rowdies threw Cayenne pepper on the dance floor and shouted racial slurs at the dancers. However,\nthey were quickly driven away.\nSANTA CRUZ 1870\nThree Negro students had to be removed from Branciforte School when the state Legislature passed a\nbill, introduced by State Superintendent of Schools O. P. Fitzgerald, banning African, Oriental and\nIndian students from attending public schools. The trustees of Santa Cruz City Schools allowed the\nchildren to return to class in spite of the law.\nWATSONVILLE 1871\nBenjamin Johnson, the eldest son of Robert Johnson, became the first African American to vote in\nSanta Cruz county history, when he cast his ballot in the school trustee election on April 30th.\nWATSONVILLE 1871\nGordon and Rosa Ison came west with their former master, John Glenn, from Knoxville, Tennessee.\nGordon, a native of Virginia, found work with the Watsonville Water and Light Company, where he\nremained for over 30 years. Rosa Ison, born in Tennessee, was a servant in the household of General\n\"Stonewall\" Jackson during the Civil War.\nCALIFORNIA 1871\nThe Colored Citizen's State Educational Convention convened in Stockton for the express purpose of\nfurthering the educational goals of African Americans in California. The convention initiated a petition\ndrive aimed at forcing the legislature to rescind the law banning \"children of African descent\" from\nattending public schools. Joe Smallwood was a delegate to the convention from Santa Cruz and was\nelected to the Educational Executive Committee.\nWATSONVILLE 1874\nOscar T. Jackson, the barber turned minstrel, moved to the San Francisco Bay area to further his\ncareer. During the next three decades he would tour the world with the leading minstrel troupes of the\nday. In 1883, he played a series of command performances before the royal families of Europe.\nWATSONVILLE 1875\nVirginia native, Strother Cooper, a farmer, arrived at the Pajaro Valley from Missouri bringing his large\nfamily with him. He was an energetic and highly personable young man who quickly endeared himself\nto the people of Watsonville. Both he and \"Uncle Dan\" Rodgers become charter members of\nWatsonville's infamous Galoot Club.\n13\n\n�WATSONVILLE 1878\nSince the opening of the colored school in 1866, the African American families of Watsonville had\nsought entry for their children to the regular primary school, for which they paid taxes. Each attempt,\nhowever, had been rebuffed. By 1878, there were 18 students in attendance at the segregated Black\nschool and the education there was not up to the parents standards. So when school opened in the\nspring, they marched their children to the primary school and demanded entrance. But once more they\nwere turned away. Their reaction was to institute a boycott of the Black school, which then closed its\ndoors. Robert Johnson, acting as the spokesman for the African American community, quickly filed a\nsuit demanding their rights as citizens and tax payers. After much confusion, the courts ruled in their\nfavor, ordering that the Black children be admitted to the primary school. The color line was at last\nbroken.\nSANTA CRUZ COUNTY 1880\nThe 1880 U.S. Census showed that there were 63 African Americans living in the county.\nSANTA CRUZ 1880\nJoseph Smallwood Francis, son of Robert Francis and godson of Joseph Smallwood, graduated with\nhonors (salutatorian) from Santa Cruz High. He was the first African American to graduate from a\nregular high school in California. While in school, he had served as the editor of the Leisure Hours, the\nschool newspaper, and also worked at the Santa Cruz Sentinel. Two years later, he passed the entrance\nexamination to the University of California at Berkeley, where he majored in journalism and business.\nWATSONVILLE 1882\nJohn Lincoln Derrick, son of John and Martha Derrick, and grandson of \"Uncle Dan\" Rodgers, graduated\nfrom the Watsonville School with a high school accreditation. The following year, he joined his friend\nJoseph Francis at Berkeley -- also as a journalism major.\nWATSONVILLE 1882\nWith the minstrel craze at its height, the young African Americans of Watsonville formed a group called\n\"The Home Minstrels\" and were received enthusiastically by their audiences and the local press.\nWATSONVILLE 1883\nBlack outlaw Charlie Fouche, while drinking at the Long Branch Saloon on Main Street, got into a gun\nfight with two Town Constables and was wounded. He was arrested on a charge of Assault with a\nDeadly Weapon, found guilty and sent to jail. A letter was found among his personal effects indicating\nthat he had once been a member of the James Brothers gang.\nSANTA CRUZ 1884\nJim Nelson, a much loved street character in Santa Cruz, died on October l9th at the county hospital\nafter a short illness. \"Nigger Jim\", as he was commonly known, with his hair twisted up in a series of\nbraids, had entertained passerbys with his stories of the \"old days\" on and off for over 20 years. He had\nserved aboard square riggers out of New Bedford Harbor during the glory days of whaling, worked in\nthe gold fields of California in the days of '49, and he could \"out fist\" any man on the west coast.\n14\n\n�However, his favorite yarn was about the time he had fought with Napoleon Bonaparte at the battle of\nWaterloo. Jim was able to add credence to the story by recounting this famous battle in vivid detail. He\nwas buried at the Evergreen Cemetery.\nSANTA CRUZ 1887\nWilliam Morris and young Albert Logan, members of Dan Rodgers' Arkansas group moved from\nWatsonville and settled in Santa Cruz, thereby laying the foundation for a new African American\ncommunity. Logan bought a large two story house on South Branciforte Avenue.\nHOLLISTER 1889\nArkansas native, Daniel Gilmore, founded a \"southern-style\" plantation in\nthe Hollister Hills. He sent for a group of his ex-slaves to work on the farm,\noffering to pay for their transportation west and $30 per month plus board -a high wage for the time. Over 80 Blacks migrated to California at Gilmore's\nrequest, thereby seeding one of the largest African American communities in\nthe central coast region.\nSANTA CRUZ COUNTY 1890\nThe 1890 U.S. Census showed the African American community stable at 62\nmembers.\n\nScott Gilmore\n\nSANTA CRUZ 1890-1910\nAs the 20th century approached and then turned, the emphasis of the Negro community shifted from\nWatsonville to Santa Cruz. One by one the old slavery generation of blacks passed on, while their\nchildren and grand children migrated to San Francisco and Oakland, where there were more\nopportunities for a young person. By 1910, the once thriving African American community in the Pajaro\nValley had faded completely away.\n\nSANTA CRUZ 1892-1894\nDuring this time, a number of Negro families settled in the Santa Cruz area.\nAmong them were William H. Johnson, who worked at the Santa Cruz County\nNational Bank for 30 years, Lena Donlee, a Southern Hominy dealer on Pacific\nAvenue and Jack Harris, a bootblack together with his wife Victoria and their\nsons, Carl and Irvin. Two Black Civil War veterans named Alex Penn and\nAndrew Hall came to the area, as did the William Tipton family. William and\nFanny Tipton, late of Tennessee and Mississippi, were the parents of several\nIda B. Wells\nchildren and the guardians of two nieces, Anna and Ida B. Wells. The girls'\nparents had died during the Yellow Fever epidemic in Mississippi. By the time the Tipton family moved\nto Santa Cruz, Miss Ida B. Wells was already famous as a writer and lecturer on the subject of lynching.\nBecause of her outspokenness on the causes of racial bias, controversy seemed to follow her\neverywhere. She became a acknowledged leader in the civil rights and feminist movements. She was\none of the founders of the NAACP, and during the course of her lifetime published several books and\n15\n\n�was a columnist syndicated in most of the leading newspapers of the day. Following her death in 1931,\nher autobiography appeared posthumously. Fifty years later, her work was rediscovered by a new\ngeneration of black activists and she was made the subject of a PBS Television Special and, in 1989, her\nlikeness was printed on a U.S. postage stamp. Not enough can be said about the role that Ida B. Wells\nplayed in African American history. Her sister Anna, a 1894 graduate of Santa Cruz High School,\nfollowed in her footsteps and became a lecturer and newspaper editor.\nSAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA 1894\nJoseph Francis, now a resident of San Francisco, and John Lincoln Derrick, now of Oakland, began to\npublish The Western Outlook, a Black newspaper with a large following up and down the west coast. It\nwould remain in existence until the Great Depression.\nSANTA CRUZ 1894\nAnna Wells graduated with honors from Santa Cruz High, only the third African American to do so. A\nfew years later, she moved to the midwest and became the publisher and editor of the Chicago\nSearchlight. Therefore the first three Black graduates from Santa Cruz county schools went on to\npublish and edit large circulation newspapers.\nHOLLISTER 1894\nThe Gilmore Colony collapsed after a series of disasters. The African Americans of the group moved\ninto Hollister, where they remained active even up to contemporary times.\nSANTA CRUZ 1896\nAlbert and Mary Logan converted their home on South Branciforte Avenue into a boarding house. For\nthe next 50 years it became the social center for the Black community in Santa Cruz.\nWATSONVILLE 1897\nStrother Cooper died at his home on the corner of East Lake and Carr. His family moved to Salinas,\nwhere they were befriended by a young John Steinbeck, who would later write glowingly of them in\nTravels With Charley.\nWATSONVILLE 1899\nRobert Johnson, pioneer and leader of the school desegregation fight; his son Benjamin, the first\nAfrican American to vote in the county; and James Calvin Williams, the longtime owner of a\nblacksmiths shop on Main Street, all died within two months of each other.\n\n16\n\n�CHRONOLOGY 1900--1990\nSANTA CRUZ COUNTY 1900\nThe 1900 U.S. Census set the number of Black citizens in the county at 81.\nWATSONVILLE 1900\nMartha Derrick, daughter of Dan Rodgers, relocated to Oakland where she joined her son John Lincoln\nDerrick. The Derricks were the last of the old generation of Negro families to leave the Pajaro Valley.\nSANTA CRUZ 1900-1910\nMany new African Americans moved to Santa Cruz and enhanced the growing Black population already\nthere. Among them were the Pinkney family, the Hunter family, the Berry family, Ed Bruce, Ed and Inez\nSmith, and Lou Venable. Venable later opened a restaurant on Pacific Avenue named \"The Squeeze\nInn\" which became a favorite hang out for Santa Cruz High School students.\nWATSONVILLE 1903\n\"Uncle Dan\" Rodgers boarded the train at the Watsonville depot for a visit with his daughter Martha\nDerrick in Oakland. As he detrained at San Francisco, he was killed in a freak accident. With his passing,\nthe pioneer Black population of Watsonville no longer existed.\nSANTA CRUZ 1905\nThe Negro community of Santa Cruz was now large enough to support its own house of worship. On\nNovember 19, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church formed a local branch. For this purpose,\nthey bought land on River Street. During its existence the church had two ministers, the Reverend T. A.\nMcEachen and Reverend W. W. Howard.\nSANTA CRUZ 1906-1910\nThe Black population formed a baseball team, named the Santa Cruz Colored Giants, who played a full\nschedule of games against local white teams. Jack Harris was their manager and coach. Two brothers,\nLou and Floyd Berry, and young Elwood Hunter were star athletes, not only with the Giants, but in the\nsports program at Santa Cruz High as well.\nUNITED STATES 1909\nThe National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP.) was founded in New York\nCity by a group of black and white progressives. Its purpose was to work for equal civil, political and\neducational rights, to demand an end to segregation, secure the right to work, and to enforce the right\nof protection from violence and intimidation. It came into being as a result of a series of vicious race\nriots in both the north and the south.\nSANTA CRUZ COUNTY 1910\nThe 1910 U.S. Census put the number of African Americans in the county at 83.\n\n17\n\n�SANTA CRUZ 1910-1915\nThe Black community continued to grow and become active at all levels of society. Colored children\nwere enrolled at local schools in record numbers. Negro heads of households however, continued to\nbe restricted to the same old traditional menial jobs in the service industries, including porters, shoe\nshiners, cooks, dish washers, and laborers.\nSANTA CRUZ 1915\n\"The Birth of a Nation\" or \"The Klansman'', a racist movie produced and directed by D. W. Griffith was\nshown at local theaters to sell out houses. The NAACP attempted unsuccessfully to seek a ban on the\nmovie because of its extremely negative portrayal of African Americans and its glorification of the Ku\nKlux Klan. The local press called it \"the greatest movie ever made.\" This movie helped bring about a\nrevival of the Ku Klux Klan.\nSANTA CRUZ 1916-1941\nDuring this 25 year period, the attitude of Santa Cruzans toward its African American citizens did an\nabout face. Up to this point in history it had been a tolerant community throwing up few, if any, road\nblocks into the path of their Negro brothers. Now, however, bigotry became a policy in many quarters\nas blacks were banned or discriminated against at local hotels, road houses and inns. Negro\nvacationers with their tourist dollars were unwelcome visitors at many recreational spots in the\ncounty. Finding housing and jobs became an impossible task, so many Negro families left the area in\nanger and discouragement. Even churches, the supposed moral pillars of the community, now refused\nto accept Black parishioners.\nThe causes of this sudden change in attitude are many-- periods of economic down slide, fierce job\ncompetition brought on by the arrival of large numbers of immigrants from Europe, and the lack of\nyear-round employment generated by the county's continuing reliance upon tourism as its basic\nindustry, just to name a few. The major reason, however, was the social changes brought on by the\npatriotic zeal, anti-foreignism, and isolationist tendencies which ran rampant during the period of\nWorld War I.\nUNITED STATES 1917\nAmerica formally entered World War I. An unusually large number of African Americans volunteered\nand served proudly in the various branches of the Armed Services.\nSANTA CRUZ 1918\nArthur Tate, a Watsonville bootblack, was nearly lynched by a group of irate citizens after he was\naccused of raping a white woman. He was later sentenced to San Quentin for six years.\nUNITED STATES 1921\nAs World War I ended, many thousands of Negro veterans remained on active duty and made a career\nout of the Armed Services.\n\n18\n\n�SANTA CRUZ 1922\nAlbert Logan, born a slave on an Arkansas plantation in 1860, died at his\nhome in Santa Cruz. As a small child, he had been brought west by his\nmother as a member of the Dan Rodgers party. He had attended the\nblack school in Watsonville before moving to Santa Cruz in the late\n1880s. His wife, Mary, continued to run the boarding house on South\nBranciforte.\nMary Logan\n\nSANTA CRUZ 1924\n\nA Ku Klux Klan Klavern was founded in Santa Cruz and for a time was quite visible including a daylight\nmarch in the Miss California parade.\nWATSONVILLE 1928\nThe Klan formed a Klavern at Watsonville.\nSANTA CRUZ COUNTY 1930\nThe U.S. Census revealed that the African American population of the county had plummeted to 64.\nSANTA CRUZ 1934\nIrvin Harris, a native of Santa Cruz and a graduate of local schools, was run out of town by the Sheriff\nand District Attorney after he was found at a party in the company of a white girl \"from a well known\nfamily.\"\nSANTA CRUZ 1938\nMary Logan, widow of Albert Logan, died at her home on South Branciforte Avenue. The property\npassed into the hands of Ed and Inez Smith, who continued to operate it as a boarding house for black\ntourists.\nSANTA CRUZ COUNTY 1940\nThe 1940 U.S. Census enumerated only 18 African Americans in the county, an all time low.\nUNITED STATES 1941\nThe United States entered into World War II. Once again, young African Americans enrolled in record\nnumbers.\nSANTA CRUZ 1942\nOn Easter Sunday, the 54th Coast Artillery, an all-Black unit from Camp San Luis Obispo, was stationed\nat Lighthouse Point, then known as Phelan Park. From that moment on, race relations in Santa Cruz\ncounty were changed forever. Integration was quick and permanent. The reaction of white citizens was\nmixed and varied, but this was war time and change was coming like it or not. Local churches and civic\ngroups welcomed the newcomers with a series of entertainments, dinners, teas, etc. Ed and Inez Smith\ntransformed their home into a U.S.O. center for the colored soldiers from the 54th and nearby Camp\nMcQuaide, as well as Fort Ord. When the city fathers tried to make certain parts of the city off-limits to\n19\n\n�the men of the 54th, their Chaplain, Captain Baskerville, threatened to boycott \"the whole damned\ntown.\" Local businessmen were forced to choose economics over racism.\nSANTA CRUZ 1944\nThe 54th Battery was withdrawn from the area as the war wound down. But by the sterling example\nwhich these men set, they left behind a much changed town.\nUNITED STATES 1945\nWorld War II was brought to a close with the surrender of Germany and Japan.\nSANTA CRUZ 1946-1950\nAfter mustering out of the service, several members of the old 54th returned with their families to\nstart civilian life in their newly adopted hometown. Among their number were John and Erva Bowen,\nHenry and Nina Pratt, Isaac Jackson, Cornelius and Arvenia Bumpus, Fred and Jessie Guliford (with\nbrother Frank), Russell Dawson, Frank Willis, William E. Jackson and Upsie Hannon. These patriots were\nto seed a new African American community. Other Blacks who arrived during this time were Mervin\nand Idessie Brantly, and Chylow and Mary Ellen Brown. The Missionary Baptist Church was also\nfounded to meet the spiritual needs of the African American community.\nSANTA CRUZ 1949\nA local branch of the NAACP was granted a charter with Chylow Brown, a community activist from\nChicago and Detroit, as president, and Arvenia Bumpus as secretary.\nSANTA CRUZ COUNTY 1950\nThe l950 U.S. Census revealed that there were 106 African Americans in Santa Cruz County.\nSANTA CRUZ 1950\nAfter five years of trying, Black veterans were finally admitted into American Legion Post #64.\nSANTA CRUZ 1951\nThe Reverend William Brant of San Francisco, was appointed pastor of the Missionary Baptist Church\nand came to Santa Cruz to look for a home to buy, so that he could be near his congregation. He made\na down payment on a small house on Winkle Avenue in the Live Oak district. On the night before he\nwas scheduled to take occupancy, arsonists set fire to the house, doing major damage. Furthermore,\nneighbors coldly suggested that he move his family to another community. In spite of the fact that a\nsubstantial reward was offered for the apprehension of the culprits, the crime went unsolved.\nSANTA CRUZ 1951-1960\nThroughout the decade, the Negro population of the county continued to grow as more families\nrelocated to the area. In time a ghetto of sorts came into being in the area of west Santa Cruz\ncommonly called \"the circles.\" The NAACP, under the leadership of Erva Bowen and Arvenia Bumpus.\nflourished as an organization, both political and social, and gave some cohesion to the African\nAmerican community.\n20\n\n�UNITED STATES 1954\nThe United States Supreme Court issued a landmark decision when it ruled that segregation in\nAmerican public schools was illegal.\nSANTA CRUZ COUNTY 1960\nThe 1960 U.S. Census showed that the black population of the county had more then quadrupled, to\n504.\nSANTA CRUZ 1960-1970\nThis decade can best be described as a period of growing activism among a new generation of young\nBlack adults. They joined with their elders to raise the political and social consciousness of the local\nAfrican American population. The advent of Cabrillo College and U.C.S.C. only enhanced their efforts by\nsponsoring classes and workshops in Black culture and history. The NAACP pushed for fair housing\nlaws, and together with a new group called the Urban Improvement Organization, lobbied for lowincome housing projects in Santa Cruz County. Their struggles were spearheaded by Erva Bowen and Sy\nRockins, and met with varying degrees of success.\nSANTA CRUZ COUNTY 1970\nThe 1970 U.S. Census totals showed that the African American population had then reached the 1,000\nmark.\nSANTA CRUZ 1970-1990\nThese were decades of victory for the local Black community as low-income housing became a reality\nand many new industries located in the county, opening up job opportunities for minority workers.\nOn the social side of things, the N.A.A.C.P., in conjunction with the Black Cooperative Association,\nheaded by Black Panther William Moore, began a free breakfast program for Elementary School aged\nchildren as well as a food bank. Among the most dedicated volunteers in this program were Helen\nWeston, \"Momma\" Brown, Lillian McCoy and Esther Bradley Delgado.\nAnother successful effort by local blacks was the drive to honor London Nelson [a.k.a Louden Nelson],\nthe ex-slave, who, upon his death, directed that his entire estate be used to further the education of\nlocal children. Spearheaded by Lowell Hunter and Wilma Campbell, it commenced with an attempt to\nhave the City School Board rename Mission Hill School, the \"London Nelson School.\" Instead, however,\nthe Board named their administrative offices on Mission Hill, the \"London Nelson Plaza.\" Spurred on by\nthis victory, the Negro community finally achieved complete success when, in 1979, a new community\ncenter, located at the old Laurel School, was named in Nelson' s honor.\nAn offshoot of this drive was the election of longtime NAACP activist Erva Bowen to the Board of\nEducation. Bowen was the first Black to hold an elective office in the history of Santa Cruz County.\nThe African American population, which currently makes up over 3% of the general populace, has long\nsince moved beyond the \"circles\" and can be found scattered throughout the area. The Nelson Center,\nU.C.S.C., Cabrillo College and the NAACP continue to promote Black culture and draw attention to\nproblems which exist within the minority community.\n21\n\n�APPENDIX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY\n\nMajor Local Resources for African American History\nMost of the following resource pools are of a general nature, but a patient researcher can abstract a\ntremendous amount of historical and genealogical data from their files.\nSanta Cruz County Government Center\n701 Ocean Street, Santa Cruz, CA\n\n\nCounty Recorder's Office: Vital Records (Births, Marriages, Deaths), Land Records and Maps.\n\n\n\nClerk of the Superior Court: Wills and Probates.\n\n\n\nBoard of Supervisors: Board Minutes and Actions.\n\nSanta Cruz Public Library, Downtown Branch\n224 Church Street, Santa Cruz, CA.\n\n\nCalifornia History and Genealogy Room\nHundreds of volumes on California history and U. S. genealogy, U. S. Censuses: Several rolls containing\nSanta Cruz County enumerations: 1850 to 1920. Genealogy section contains five \"How to\" booklets on\nBlack genealogical research. Area newspapers on microfilm from 1854 to present. One video tape copy\nof the 1989 P.B.S. Special on the life of ex-Santa Cruz resident Ida B. Wells.\n\nWatsonville Public Library\n310 Union Street, Watsonville, CA\n\n\nStacks contain several books on California African America history. Watsonville newspapers on\nmicrofilm from 1868 to present.\n\nMcHenry Library\nUniversity of California at Santa Cruz,\nSanta Cruz, CA\n\n\nStacks contain numerous volumes on Black history and culture, of vital importance are the works and\nautobiography of former Santa Cruz resident Ida B. Wells. Map Room has large collection Santa Cruz\nCounty history, including many indexes. Microform Room has U. S. Censuses (Santa Cruz and Monterey\nCounty rolls) and area newspapers on microfilm from 1854 to present. Special Collections also has\nlarge collection of local history.\n\nHistory Museum of Santa Cruz County\n705 Front Street, Santa Cruz, CA\n\n\nArchives and Research Center has numerous personal files, journals, reminisces. records, newspapers,\nphotos, research collections, etc. Mostly north county material.\n\n22\n\n�Pajaro Valley Historical Association\n261 East Beach Street, Watsonville, CA\n\n\nArchives and Research Center has photo collections, diaries, research files, family memorabilia,\nnewspaper clippings, vital and cemetery records, etc. Pajaro Valley and south county only.\n\nSanta Cruz Sentinel\n207 Church Street, Santa Cruz, CA\n\n\nLibrary has large collection of newspaper clippings. Most valuable for recent local Black history: 1964\nto present.\n\nOut of County Resource Centers\nUnited States National Archives and Records Center\nPacific Coast Regional Branch\nCommodore Drive, San Bruno, CA\n\n\nFor Black history and genealogical research, the National Archives have all U.S. Censuses, including\nslave schedules. Military and pension records for African Americans who served in any branch of the\nArmed Services from the Civil War to the Vietnam War. Also some Freedman's Bureau Field Office\nrecords.\n\nSutro Library\nCalifornia State Library\nWinston Avenue, San Francisco, CA\n\n\nA branch of the state library specializing in genealogy. State, county, and local histories, vital records,\nsurname and locality files. Stacks contain dozens of books on Black history from California and all over\nthe United States. Also a Black newspaper collection. Most importantly, Sutro has the three volume set\nof James de T. Abajian's \"Blacks in Selected Newspapers, Censuses and Other Sources.\" A masterwork\nin Black history indexing.\n\nOakland Public Library\nLake Merritt Drive, Oakland, CA\n\n\nLocal History Room has a large collection of African American oriental material. Vertical files on\nindividuals, families, and groups. Serial and Newspaper Room have vast accumulation of 19th and 20th\ncentury Black newspapers on microfilm.\n\nBancroft Library\nUniversity of California at Berkeley\nBerkeley, CA\n\n\nThe largest California history collection in existence. Contains a vast amount of material on African\nAmerican pioneers. Also has a major collection of Negro newspapers. Houses the James de T. Abajian\nCollection consisting of 56 boxes of scrapbooks, note books, card files, etc.\n23\n\n�Northern California Center for Afro American History and Life\n5606 San Pablo Avenue, Oakland, CA\n\n\nA private library, archives, and museum dedicated, as its title suggests, to the history and culture of\nAfrican Americans in Northern California. Has a large collection of printed material, memorabilia and\nphotos, also a section on Blacks in Santa Cruz and Monterey counties.\n\nA Thumbnail Bibliography: Locally Available Books on the History of Blacks in California\nBeasley, Delilah L.\nThe Negro Trail Blazers of California Los Angeles, 1919. A pioneering work in the field of regional Black\nHistory.\nDunn, Geoffrey\nSanta Cruz is in the Heart, Capitola Book Company, Capitola 1988. Dunn, in this fascinating look at\nSanta Cruziana, dedicates two chapters to local African American subjects.\nGoode, Kenneth G.\nCalifornia's Black Pioneers, McNally & Liftin, Santa Barbara, 1974. A brief introduction to the subject.\nGraves-Gray, Kreta.\nHistory of the Santa Cruz County N.A.A.C.P. n.p., Santa Cruz, 1979. An account of the founding and first\nthirty years of the local branch organization. Great local history.\nHaley, Alex\nRoots: The Saga of an American Family Doubleday & Company, Garden City, New York, 1976. A\nfictionalized account of Haley's family history. Popular novel and television series. Not California\nhistory, just a good story.\nLapp, Rudolph\nBlacks in the California Gold Rush, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1977. In this outstanding volume\nProfessor Lapp has produced the most comprehensive work to date.\nAfro-Americans in California Boyd & Fraser Publishing Co.. 1987. Prof. Lapp extends his work up to\ncontemporary times.\nSteinbeck, John\nTravels with Charley MacMillan Company Publishers, New York. 1962. In one chapter, Steinbeck writes\nabout his friendship with the Cooper family of Watsonville and Salinas.\n\n24\n\n�Thurman. A. Odell\nThe Negro in California before 1890, R & E Research Associates, 1973. A brief guide to 19th century\nBlacks in California.\nThurman, Sue Bailey\nPioneers of Negro Origin in California, Acme Publishing Company. San Francisco, 1952. Biographies,\nrecords, photos and history make up this splendid look at Negro history. Included is a chapter on Dan\nRodgers.\nWells, Ida B.\nCrusade for Justice, The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. A Phoenix Book, University of Chicago Press,\nChicago, 1970. The story of one of the great figures in African American History. Wells was a Santa Cruz\nresident during the early 1890s.\n\nSource\nCopyright 1995 Phil Reader. Reproduced with the permission of the author. Photographs courtesy of Phil\nReader.\n\nIt is the library’s intent to provide accurate information, however, it is not possible for the library to completely\nverify the accuracy of all information. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are\nincorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library.\n\n25\n\n�"]]]]]]]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"8"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123576"},["text","Santa Cruz History Articles"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123577"},["text","Original articles by library staff and by local authors and material from historical books. "]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264219"},["text","Articles on Santa Cruz County history, many with illustrations, are available here.\r\n\r\nThe Santa Cruz Public Libraries is grateful to our local historians and their publishers for giving permission to include their articles. The content of the articles is the responsibility of the individual authors.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264220"},["text","It is the library's intent to provide accurate information. However, it is not possible to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a variety of sources. 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Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.
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