1
10
9
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PDF Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
CF-20243
Title
A name given to the resource
Another Indian Grave Uncovered At Rio Del Mar
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1954-07-23
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<em>Santa Cruz Sentinel-News</em>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Native Americans
Rio Del Mar
Archaeology
Ohlone
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1950s
Publisher
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
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Text
Language
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EN
Type
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NEWS
DOCUMENT
Clipping branch location: Downtown
Clipping filed under: Native Americans
-
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PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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CF-20259
Title
A name given to the resource
Shadows still cover the ancient Ohlone burial grounds
Description
An account of the resource
2 copies
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Piazza, Ellie
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1977-02-11
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<em>Santa Cruz Independent</em>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Native Americans
Archaeology
Ohlone
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1970s
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Text
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
Clipping branch location: Downtown
Clipping filed under: Native Americans
-
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PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
CF-20261
Title
A name given to the resource
Ohlone Skeleton Unearthed In SC
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1979-09-28
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Native Americans
Archaeology
Ohlone
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1970s
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Text
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
Clipping branch location: Downtown
Clipping filed under: Native Americans
-
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PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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CF-20262
Title
A name given to the resource
Happy Trails With the Ohlone Indians
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hunter, Mark
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1979-03-15
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<em>Good Times</em>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Native Americans
Ohlone
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1970s
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Text
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
Clipping branch location: Downtown
Clipping filed under: Native Americans
-
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PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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CF-20265
Title
A name given to the resource
New Material On Local Indians
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Trabing, Wally
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1979-03-01
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Native Americans
Ohlone
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1970s
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Text
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
Clipping branch location: Downtown
Clipping filed under: Native Americans
-
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abdfbf76eab9aedf7e88a6ca246efafc
PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
CF-20269
Title
A name given to the resource
Last of the Ohlones?
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Trabing, Wally
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1982-01-24
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Native Americans
Ohlone
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1980s
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Text
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
Clipping branch location: Downtown
Clipping filed under: Native Americans
-
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PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Local News Index
Description
An account of the resource
An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.
It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the <em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.<br /><br />Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.<br /><br /> In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from <em>The Mountain Echo.</em> The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see <a href="https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/show/134957#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0">The Mountain Echo</a>.
Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/contact/">Ask Us.<br /><br /></a>
<p></p>
While there is some overlap between this index and <a href="https://www.santacruzpl.org/historic_newspaper_index/">the Historic Newspaper Index</a><a> (approximately 1856-1960), they are different databases and are searched separately.</a>
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
PAPER
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
CF-20277
Title
A name given to the resource
Passing on a tradition
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Mok, Harry
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1991-06-02
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<em>Santa Cruz Sentinel</em>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Native Americans
Ohlone
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
1990s
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Santa Cruz Public Libraries
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Text
Language
A language of the resource
EN
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
NEWS
DOCUMENT
Clipping branch location: Downtown
Clipping filed under: Native Americans
-
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PDF Text
Text
An Overview of Ohlone Culture
By Robert Cartier
In the 16th century, (prior to the arrival of the Spaniards), over 10,000 Indians lived in the central California coastal areas
between Big Sur and the Golden Gate of San Francisco Bay. This group of Indians consisted of approximately forty
different tribelets ranging in size from 100–250 members, and was scattered throughout the various ecological regions
of the greater Bay Area (Kroeber, 1953). They did not consider themselves to be a part of a larger tribe, as did wellknown Native American groups such as the Hopi, Navaho, or Cheyenne, but instead functioned independently of one
another. Each group had a separate, distinctive name and its own leader, territory, and customs. Some tribelets were
affiliated with neighbors, but only through common boundaries, inter-tribal marriage, trade, and general linguistic
affinities. (Margolin, 1978).
When the Spaniards and other explorers arrived, they were amazed at the variety and diversity of the tribes and
languages that covered such a small area. In an attempt to classify these Indians into a large, encompassing group, they
referred to the Bay Area Indians as "Costenos," meaning "coastal people." The name eventually changed to
"Coastanoan" (Margolin, 1978). The Native American Indians of this area were referred to by this name for hundreds of
years until descendants chose to call themselves Ohlones (origination uncertain).
Utilizing hunting and gathering technology, the Ohlone relied on the relatively substantial supply of natural plant and
animal life in the local environment. With the exception of the dog, we know of no plants or animals domesticated by
the Ohlone. Some plant species were, however, cultured by deliberate pruning, burning, and reseeding that encouraged
the growth of selected plants for use as food, herbs, medicines, and manufacturing in their material culture.
Plants utilized by the Ohlone cover a wide range of grasses, shrubs, and tree forms, but the mainstays in the daily diet
can be narrowed down to a few major examples. Acorns were probably the most important of the plant foods, with
tanbark oak, black oak, valley oak, and coastal live oak supplying the acorn meal that came to be predominant in the
Ohlone diet. Other plants recorded as being part of the diet included: buckeye and laurel nuts, and the seeds of dock,
tarweed, chia, holly leaf cherry, and digger pine. Among the berries gathered and consumed are blackberries,
elderberries, gooseberries. and madrone berries. Roots, shoots, and the bark of a number of other plants were also used
as food and herbs.
Hunting, trapping, and in some cases, poisoning game were common pursuits for most of the adult males in Ohlone
culture. Larger game animals that were hunted included deer, elk, bear, and antelope, with whale, sea lion, otter, and
seal also being hunted on the coast. Smaller animals that were occasionally eaten included rabbits, tree and ground
squirrels, rats, skunks, mice, moles, dogs, snakes, and lizards. Many species of birds were hunted or trapped; among
these were geese, ducks, doves, robins, quail, and hawks. Along the major freshwater ways on the coast, fish were a
regular food item. The more important fish included steelhead trout, salmon, sturgeon, and lampreys. Shellfish were
1
�extremely important to the Ohlone. For the people who lived near Monterey and San Francisco bays, the most
commonly eaten shellfish were mussels, abalone, clams, oysters, and hornshell from the tidelands.
A few animals were never eaten by some or all of the Ohlone, apparently for religious or supernatural reasons. These
creatures included eagles, owls, ravens, buzzards, frogs, and toads.
We see reflected in the subsistence patterns and the food available, the development of specialized tools for food
acquisition. The tools and diagnostic pathologies in the skeletal remains of Ohlones encountered in burials allude to this.
Grinding implements such as mortars, pestles, metates, and manos substantiate the manner of acorn and other seed
processing. Scrapers, drills, and knives fashioned from sharp stones indicate the working of skins and vegetable
materials, whereas dart and arrow points were used for hunting and warfare. Anatomical patterns displayed in skeletal
remains are frequently found as dental wear (i.e. extreme abrading of teeth from the sand in stone-ground food), or
pathologies in the long bones caused by periodic starvation.
The Ohlones were skilled in crafts and made useful and aesthetically pleasing tools, weapons, and items of adornment.
They made projectile points, scrapers, and knives from Monterey—banded and Franciscan chert, obsidian, and other
hard-substance rocks. They also used bone, shell, and wood for much of their material culture (Heizer and Whipple,
1971).
Finely cut, chiseled, and polished shells were turned into beautifully designed necklaces, pendants, and earrings; they
were also applied to belts, baskets, and clothing. Feathers were used in great quantities in the making of cloaks, headdresses, belts, and baskets.
Highly informative to the archaeologist are the trading patterns that occurred in Ohlone culture. They have left a tale of
movement and interaction over central California, and even the West Coast. Several hundred different types of trade
items have been documented for California Indians and discussed in the categories of food, beads and ornaments,
household wares, clothing and attire, raw materials, finished articles, and miscellaneous goods (Heizer, 1978). Shell and
shell beads were the most frequently reported trade items by native informants (Davis, 1974). The shell trade items
indicate extensive trade networks from central coastal California to as far as the Great Basin of Nevada, where a string of
Olivella beads dating to 8,600 B.P. was found. Specific sizes and shapes of shell artifacts are so standard for Ohlone and
other cultures in California that they prove to be sensitive time markers when found in an archaeological context.
Another important trade item to the Ohlone was the highly coveted cinnabar which was quarried at the New Almaden
area of Santa Clara County. Cinnabar expeditions came from as far away as Walla Walla, Washington to trade or fight for
the prized pigment. Mission records from Mission Santa Clara note that the Indians of Santa Cruz and Santa Clara
seemed to have been fighting incessantly over the rights to the cinnabar deposit. In 1841, Indians from Tulare and
Sacramento came as a regular cinnabar expedition to the quarry and one of the intruders was killed by the Santa Clara
Ohlones.
Included in other important trade goods imported or exported in Ohlone culture were abalone shells, projectile points,
obsidian, dogs, tobacco, hides, bows, baskets, salt, acorns, and fish (Davis, 1974).
Eight social groups in the lands of the Ohlone were separately distinguished ethnic units. Contrasts in dialect or
language, customs of dress and ornamentation, particular religious beliefs, kinship patterns, and to some degree,
subsistence mainstay distinguish these units. From north to south, the eight subethnic groups recognized in
protohistoric times were the Karkin, Chochenyo, Ramaytush, Tamyen, Awaswas, Mutsin, Rumsen, and the Chalon.
From the studies of Levy (1970), we arrive at the following estimated populations for the eight Ohlone groupings as of
1770.
2
�Subgroups or Language Groupings
Location
Estimated
Population
Karkin
South edge of Carquinez Strait
200
Chochenyo
East of San Francisco Bay, Livermore
Valley, Mission San Jose
2,000
Ramaytush
San Mateo and San Francisco
Counties
1,400
Tamyen
South San Francisco Bay and Santa
Clara Valley
1,200
Awaswas
Between Davenport and Aptos in
Santa Cruz
600
Mutsun
Pajaro River drainage
2,700
Rumsen
Lower Carmel, Salinas, and Sur
Rivers
800
Chalon
Upper Salinas Drainage
900
Population and Location of Ohlone in 1770 A.D.
In the vicinity of the Alma-Adobe site and CA-SC1-1, the language group at the time of missionary contact would have
been the Ramaytush. From information available, we may also assume that the particular tribelet at the site was the
Puichun.
Ohlone culture is seen in this ethnographic sketch as a world in which the people had a close physical and psychological
bond to the environment and to the customs of a small society. For some village members, their entire existence might
be spent within a radius of ten to fifteen miles of their natal village. Each rock, spring, tree, and creek was known
intimately. A heritage of thousands of years lay under the Ohlones' feet as most of the major villages contained deep
deposits, built from the debris of daily life, that sealed the remains of the Ohlone past. The ethnographic story of the
Ohlone is occasionally rich with knowledge about a life that was so incredibly different from the civilization that now
stands in its stead; while on the other hand it is an incomplete story, or only a rough outline, with gaps as yet
undiscovered and untold.
3
�Sources
This article is an excerpt, originally called "Ethnographic Background", from a 1991 report titled, The Santa's
Village Site CA-SCr=239. This report was the result of an archaeological dig by the Field Methods in
Archaeology Class of De Anza College, which was led by Robert Cartier. The report was prepared by Robert
Cartier with Laurie Crane, Cynthia James, Jon Reddington, and Allika Ruby. RAP-ed. Copyright 1991 Robert
Cartier. Reproduced by permission of Robert Cartier. The other sources are references from that article.
Davis, J.T. Trade Routes and Economic Exchange Among the Indians of California". California Publications of
Archaeology, Ethnography, and History, No.3. Ramona: Ballena Press, 1974.
Heizer, R.F., ed. Handbook of North American Indians: California, Vol. 8. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution, 1978.
Heizer, R.F. and M.A. Whipple. The California Indians, a Source Book. Second Ed. Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1971.
Kroeber, Alfred L. Handbook of Indians of California. Berkeley: California Book Company, Ltd., 1953.
Levy, R. "Coastoan Internal Relationships". Paper presented to the Ninth Conference on American Indian
Languages, San Diego; Manuscript in Levy's possession.
Margolin, M. The Ohlone Way—Indian Life in the San Francisco Monterey Bay Area. Berkeley: Heyday Books,
1978.
The content of this article is the responsibility of the individual author. It is the Library's intent to provide accurate local history
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please contact the Webmaster.
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This is an excerpt, originally called "Ethnographic Background", from a 1991 report titled, The Santa's Village Site CA-SCr=239. This report was the result of an archaeological dig by the Field Methods in Archaeology Class of De Anza College, which was lead by Robert Cartier. The report was prepared by Robert Cartier with Laurie Crane, Cynthia James, Jon Reddington, and Allika Ruby.
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Santa Cruz (County)
California
Minority Groups
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https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/149757e36059ae238e2f3b8a4fe141f5.pdf
faead294522780abdde2400ab124dc34
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Text
"A Well Looking, Affable People... ":
The Ohlone of Aulintak/Santa Cruz
By MaryEllen Ryan
Introduction
For thousands of years until a mere one hundred fifty years ago, Santa Cruz and its surrounding lands were the
undisputed home of a people now popularly known as Ohlone. Their homelands reached from the tip of the
San Francisco peninsula, around the eastern shores of San Francisco Bay, along the coast and throughout the
Santa Cruz Mountains, beyond Monterey to Point Sur, and throughout the Santa Clara Valley eastward to the
Mount Hamilton Range. Throughout these lands their imprint remains. Huge mounds of ancient village
midden now blend with the gently rolling, oak studded foothill landscape. Traces of fishing camps are found
where salmon and steelhead were netted as they raced up countless streams in staggering numbers each
winter. Outcroppings of bedrock used for grinding the abundant harvest of acorns are now hidden beneath
grasses and brush where extensive groves of tanoak once grew. The people themselves lie in carefully planned
cemeteries beneath today's urban landscape, placed there with reverence and ceremony over the millennia.
The life the people led was very different from that of their descendants today, and seems even more
unfamiliar to the people whose lives and work now order changes upon the ancient landscape. The Ohlone
people, who once numbered 10,000 or more over their entire land and at least 600 in several villages in and
around Santa Cruz, were nearly annihilated under the impact of the expanding European population of the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Decimated by non-native diseases, parted from their extended families
during mission residence, often hunted for sport or vengeance, the survivors dispersed to the hinterlands of
their country. Many quietly accepted invisibility under the shield of a borrowed culture, while the elders
became the caretakers of the languages and traditional ways of their people.
What is known of the Ohlone has been extracted from the historical records of their observers and from
information shared by the Ohlone themselves. Hand-bound books of births, deaths, marriages and baptisms
kept by the Spanish era missions provide village place names and kinship records. The diaries and sketches of
botanists, artists, explorers and tradesmen of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries provide
descriptions of native and mission activities. The field notes of nineteenth and twentieth century
ethnographers record remnants of languages and lifeways collected for study in the new American
1
�anthropological and ethnological institutions. Ohlone descendants today share knowledge inherited from their
grandmothers, providing insight to the harmonious interchange of natural, spiritual and human worlds.
Archaeologists have prepared reports from surveys and excavations of prehistoric Ohlone sites and those of
surrounding culture areas. The studies analyze and compare artifactual material, and plot the distribution of
related archaeological sites across the landscape. Their work seeks answers to questions concerning the
migratory origins of the people, the time depths of their village occupations, strategies the people used to
compensate for stresses of overpopulation, and their long term adaptation to climate changes that profoundly
affected their social and economic organization. A history compiled from all these sources is summarized here,
in order that the people of Santa Cruz today might obtain a clearer view of the ancient lifeways that left their
mark in the form of archaeological deposits. These archaeological sites have become our inheritance from a
people whose voices have been for the most part stilled.
Before the Ohlone Came
The earliest Californians are believed to have entered through mountain passes some thirty thousand years
ago. As bands of hunters followed migratory game close to the end of the last ice age, they traversed a now
submerged land bridge connecting the northernmost portion of the Asian and North American continents.
Their route carried them east and south through plains and mountain passages over a period of several
thousand years. Their camps were placed in close proximity to the lakes and marshlands that formed
important habitat for the large game they sought. These early hunters entered California through the Owens
Valley, reaching the southern California coast approximately 20,000 years ago. Coastal archaeological sites left
by the earliest arrivals are believed to lie beyond the present shoreline, where they were inundated as the
great continental ice sheets receded under the warming climate.
Archaeological sites dating from eight to twelve thousand years before the present date (B.P.) have been
found with more frequency, positively dated by carbon-14 and other laboratory methods. The stone and bone
tools and food remains contained in those deposits speak of a people whose survival depended on the ability
to disband and follow migratory large game and waterfowl They processed local seed-bearing plants by
grinding the hard seeds with handstones against a flat stone metate. These ground stone implements and
distinctively shaped spear points and knife blades now identify their campsites. A recently excavated
archaeological site in Scotts Valley produced material with a carbon-14 date of about 10,000 B.P., indicating
that these early hunter/gatherers preceded the better known Ohlone in the Santa Cruz area.
Information from other sources also support an early date for occupancy of the central coast. An Ohlone
spokesman in the San Francisco Bay area has related an ancestral oral tradition describing the course of his
people's settlement of that area. The tribal history recalls a cataclysmic inundation of San Francisco Bay,
separating the Ohlone from their native home among the Miwok of the Sierra Nevada foothills, where they
had planned to return with traded coastal goods. Linguistic analysis of the Ohlone language as it was recorded
in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries confirmed the close relationship between the geographically
separated Ohlone and Miwok languages. The language of the neighboring Eselen people below Carmel was
found to be not only unrelated to Ohlone, but far more ancient. Geologists have extracted core samples from
the floor of San Francisco Bay, which have confirmed through analysis of layered deposits that the bay was
once a wide, lush valley watered by flowing streams prior to the formation of the bay about 9000 to 12,000
2
�years ago. These data all suggest the presence of an early hunter/gatherer culture in Santa Cruz County who
were eventually displaced to the outskirts of their territory. They were forced away by the imposed barriers of
geological changes combined with an influx of people from the central valley and Sierra foothills.
Archaeological sites from the following culture period, dated from 8000 to 4000 B.P., are found with even
greater frequency throughout California. These sites were left by people who settled in to specialize in the
processing and use of local plant and animal resources. Typically these sites are large, indicating a cohesive
village structure and establishment of food gathering and trade resource territories where they occur along
the coast, within inland valleys, and in mountain passes.
The ancestors of the Ohlone apparently co-existed alongside the earlier hunters of this area as they adapted
to the use of abundant marine resources along the stabilized shoreline. One continuous complex of sites has
been recorded along a stream just outside the Santa Cruz city limits which appears to date from this period, as
do others in the Pajaro Valley. The locations and contents of the midden deposits indicate that the people
moved from one established camp to another on a seasonal basis, taking advantage of both inland and coastal
products. They traded outside their territory for traditionally used materials this area lacked. Their preference
for campsite locations was repeated by later historic period settlers, who also selected the advantages of
adequate water, warm southern exposures, and relatively flat terrain for their initial settlement ventures.
Because of this selection process, it is probable that many archaeological sites of such antiquity were
obliterated in the process of nineteenth and twentieth century settlement of the city of Santa Cruz. Some of
the prehistoric middens remaining alongside no longer existing marshes and watercourses near downtown
Santa Cruz might be expected to provide evidence of these early marine adapted people.
The period of settling in and adapting to coastal resources was followed by one of tremendous population
increase throughout the state from 4000 to 1500 B.P. The population increase was apparently related to the
rapid diffusion of techniques for processing and storing acorns, which provided a high quality protein in an
easily stored form for a staple food. With the adaptation to efficient use and storage of acorns, permanent
villages were established for wintering over in the areas close to desirable food and trade resources.
The large, more sedentary population required a more complex tribal social organization than was necessary
for the earlier mobile bands, in order to deal with the increasing complexities of food distribution, marriage
alliances, trade and warfare. Some indication of the importance of particular individuals or lineages over other
villagers during this period is evidenced by the increase in decorative and useful grave goods accompanying
certain burials. The accumulation of goods for burial implies individual wealth and status, possible only with
the compliance of the larger group in the dedicated, time-consuming preparation of objects intended for
burial with the deceased. The internal arrangements of some larger cemeteries from this period have also
shown an emerging pattern of status differentiation. In these cemeteries, people of importance or power are
buried with a profusion of exotic grave goods in the cemetery center, while those with fewer grave goods
were placed in concentric circles or groupings outward from center.
People of the West
By 500 A.D., 1500 years before the present, the speakers of the eight Ohlone languages dominated
throughout the Ohlone territory, while speakers of the older Hokan languages had been displaced to the north
and south. The Ohlone rise to dominance and changing social organization may be reflected in the remaining
3
�cemeteries that were partially destroyed in the process of construction of several Santa Cruz commercial and
residential projects in recent years. At least one of the larger Santa Cruz village sites, near the mouth of the
San Lorenzo River, is thought to have been established during this period of complicated political and
economic change.
The period from 500 A.D. to contact with European cultures in the eighteenth century is one for which there
are many records and inferences. During this period, the people who greeted the Spanish land expeditions and
were given the Spanish name "Costaños" (Coast People) by them, became politically organized into the tribal
units recognized and recorded by missionaries and later ethnographers. Early in this period, the people living
in and around Santa Cruz established themselves as a significant link in an intricate chain of exchange that
extended to Sonoma County, Santa Barbara County, and the eastern Sierra Nevada. The trade network
distributed coastal shell to the Sierra Miwok and Mono people, where it was worked into beads used as
markers of wealth and exchange value. Salt and dried abalone were valued by the inland Yokuts people,
whose territory had to be traversed and traders dealt with on journeys to the east. In return, obsidian for tools
and ceremonial objects, pinon nuts and other exotic foods, and highly valued magnesite and cinnabar ore
were brought to the coast villages. The Chumash of Santa Barbara were contacted for steatite (soapstone),
which was carved into bowls and ceremonial pieces. The Pomo of the interior coast ranges of Sonoma County
provided an alternative source for obsidian. The extent of this trade network, stretching as it did across
language boundaries and foreign territories, required a specialized trading language, a well developed clam
shell disc bead economy, and above all critical marriage and kin alliances in strategically located villages along
the trade routes.
The coastal people and their villages were described with interest by the Europeans who came into contact
with them. "A well looking, affable people," recalled a geographer on Vizcaino's 1602 visit to Monterey Bay
"and very ready to part with everything they have. They are also under some form of government..." More
than a century and a half later, Pedro Fages described their good features, light skin, and long moustaches.
"They are very clever at going out to fish in rafts of reeds," he added. A Franciscan priest observed their "...
comely elegance of figure, quite faultless countenance ... (their) hair kept arranged or in a closely woven small
net ... quick-witted, fond of trading, and tractable." They were sketched in skin capes and fiber skirts at their
daily work, sketched on the bay in their tule reed boats, sketched at play in games of skill and chance,
sketched partaking in their "peculiar habit" of daily bathing, and sketched in ceremonial dress of deeply
contrasting body paint, feather headdressings, and abalone shell pendants. What changes their organized
community lives and personal habits underwent as Europeans came to dominate their home places, their
abundant local foods, and their order of family, government and belief. When encountered after 1770 they
were sketched in woolen mission robes as they sat dispirited in small, quiet groups, appearing to their
observers as sullen, disagreeable, dark and filthy.
The native villages visited by early explorers were described as clusters of dome-shaped reed-covered houses
with an assortment of granary structures, work shelters, a large meeting house in the central tribal village, and
the always present temescal or sweathouse for daily bathing. The people were settled in large, organized
villages ranging from 50 to 500 in population, with a number of smaller, seasonally occupied special use sites
in association with the permanent village. In Santa Cruz, the largest village housed about 200 people. Special
use sites in Santa Cruz included quarries and workshops where the local stone tool resource, Monterey
banded chert, was extracted and worked into a variety of knives, arrow points, skin and fiber scrapers, and
drills for manufacturing beads. In the forests, hunting blinds of piled rock were placed near game trails, often
4
�with pecked rock art nearby. Fishing camps were established along the streams, where nets and traps were
constructed and installed. Shellfish processing sites were established above the rocky shores where abalone,
mussels, clams and various tidepool resources were gathered.
Acorn processing was done within or near the groves of oak where well-located outcroppings of bedrock
provided a place for grinding mortars to be formed. The women also made use of portable hopper mortars,
which were shallow ground-stone bowls upon which an open bottom basket was cemented. Landmark shrines
were visited for observing astronomical events and religious ceremonies. A multitude of other activities left
few material traces: specially dedicated meadows where rabbits were driven and captured in the spring by the
entire village populace; hunting trails following ridges and canyons; particular tracts of land saved for the
gathering of special basketry materials; personal shrines and landmarks from which individual powers were
renewed; and ceremonial caves and shelters whose uses were kept secret from prying anthropologists eager
to interview the grown great-grandchildren of the 18th century Ohlone.
The Ohlone Landscape Today
It is difficult to observe the radically changed Santa Cruz landscape today and imagine the abundance of
water, wildlife and plant life that formed the Ohlone landscape. Neary Lagoon was surrounded by campsites
occupied by groups of families while useful plants and migratory waterfowl were gathered. Once captured
with the hunter's trickery of cunningly made decoys and mimicked calls, the birds were used not only for food,
but were transformed into feather capes and blankets, ceremonial costumes, bone whistles and flutes, and
bone basketry awls. The air would be dense with the rising and settling of waterfowl, while the now extinct
tule elk gathered in great herds around the shoreline. Thick stands of tule reed penetrated the lagoon, so
abundant and strong they were gathered and woven into mats for protective house coverings and cushioned
bedding, or were tied into long bundles for the construction of fishing and transport boats that plied Monterey
Bay.
A large village, probably the one called "Aulintak" in mission records and later ethnographies, commanded a
view of the lagoon, the bay, the San Lorenzo River, and several other villages to the north, east, and west from
its vantage point on Beach Hill. This village was fully occupied when Mission Santa Cruz was established
nearby in 1791, one mile upstream on the San Lorenzo River. The type of shell bead found in the
archaeological deposits of Aulintak may indicate that its antiquity reaches back 2000 years. The Westlake area,
with its abundant rushing streams and springs, was the site of an exceptionally large, activity zoned village,
possibly the one called "Chalumu" in later records. The people of Aulintak and Chalumu spoke one of the eight
Ohlone languages called Awaswas, in which they communicated with their neighbors at Hotochtak, believed
to be north of the present city, and at Sokel, Aptos, Sayant, Achistaca and Uypen. The names of today's
villages of Soquel, Aptos and Zayante communicate a far more ancient history than is evidenced by their
landmark wooden buildings dating to a century ago.
The Ohlone beyond Davenport spoke an entirely different language called Ramaytush. It was in Ramaytush
territory that the village of Olxon was located. The name "Ohlone" was taken from this place, which has now
come to be the preferred designation used to refer to all the groups that spoke the eight "Costanoan"
languages. The central valley Yokuts and the Sierra Miwok apparently referred to all the coastal traders as
Ohlone, which has been translated from Miwok as "people of the west".
5
�Beyond the Awaswas speakers below Aptos, the Ohlone spoke another language called Mutsun. The Mutsun
speakers had their own name for the villages of Santa Cruz, calling them Hardeon. The Mutsun were living in a
central village at Kalenta-ruk on the Pajaro River in 1769, when they were given an unexplained, enormous
fright by the appearance of mounted Spanish soldiers of the Portola expedition. The people of Kalenta-ruk left
an extremely large stuffed bird totem at the site of their village when they fled, so impressing the Spanish that
they gave their own name for "bird" to the river at Kalenta-ruk. Below the Mutsun, the Rumsen of Monterey
spoke a dialect much more closely related to Awaswas than to their immediate Mutsun neighbors. This
puzzling bit of information may hint of recently active displacement of the coastal people in the Pajaro
Valley/Elkhorn Slough area.
The people of Aulintak and Chalumu followed a seasonal rhythm as they collected the bounty of their land.
The spring brought tender shoots of edible plants, along with a proliferation of young animals and edible
insects. The summer brought harvests of grasses for basketry and fiber, bulbs, roots, seeds, fruits and berries
from hundreds of edible and useful plants. Deer were hunted with sinew-backed bow and arrow in the tall
grass meadows, where the hunter brought the curious animals into breathtakingly close range by mimicry of
the deer's movements in deerskin decoys worn draped over the hunter's body. Autumn brought the acorn
harvest, which occupied the intense concentration of all the villagers in the gathering, preparation of pits for
leaching and baking, and for the ceremony that accompanied the yearly harvest. Wild geese and ducks were
captured in the lagoons, fish were harpooned or netted in the rivers, lagoons and bay, and sea mammals were
captured on and off shore. Shellfish were a staple as important as the acorn, and were regularly gathered.
Preparations for winter included the burning of great expanses of meadow and forest, to encourage the new
plant growth preferred by the Ohlone and the browsing animals they hunted. Winter rains brought the influx
of salmon and steelhead, and movement from the hills to more favorably located winter villages. Throughout
the winter the women worked on their exquisite basketry, which is now world renown for its beauty and
intricacy of design. Stores of acorns, dried fish and meat, seeds and nuts were tapped through the winter to
supplement the leaner diet. Within the communal houses, elders repeated tribal oral traditions, passing on
the accumulated wisdom of several thousand years of their world history. Ceremony, song, dance and fable
constantly reinforced the people's sense of their part in the rhythm of the universe, weaving them into the
fabric of sun, moon, stars, earth, water, and the earth's other living creatures. That rhythm was irreparably
broken with the onset of European cultural dominance over their lands.
We Share an Inheritance
Today the villages of Aulintak and Chalumu lie beneath the houses, streets, schools and businesses of Santa
Cruz. The descendants of the Ohlone care for their ancestral home in spirit, and more frequently now in anger
when carefully interred remains are wrenched from their graves in the unrelenting face of modern
development. Of the 230 Ohlone archaeological sites recorded in Santa Cruz County by mid-1980, fourteen
were found within the Santa Cruz city limits. These covered the range from large villages to small special use
sites. Of the fourteen recorded sites, five have been destroyed beyond nearly all scientific value, either by
natural erosion or construction throughout the entire site without benefit of archaeological investigation.
Eight have been disturbed in part by construction of houses or roads, or are partially eroded away, but appear
to contain intact portions either beneath surface disturbance or in areas adjacent to modern construction.
Portions of the Delaveaga area contain sites where chert tools were repaired and re-worked, leaving large
6
�amounts of chipping waste in the midden soil. There also exist areas near UCSC that include small multiple use
campsites, areas of Seabright where shellfish were processed for food and ornaments, and areas of Westlake
associated with Chalumu where chert was worked from raw material into useful tools and projectile points. An
area near Pogonip exists where tools were reworked, and where diarists of Portola's expedition described
temescals, the sweathouses used for ritual and daily bathing. Areas around Neary Lagoon still contain portions
of much larger sites where any number of the marsh associated activities would have taken place.
Only one site has been recorded that remains free from modern disturbance, defined as a hunting camp from
its surface debris, where game was apparently butchered and distributed among the hunting party. Other sites
are likely to exist unrecorded, perhaps concealed under silty layers of alluvial wash, perhaps covered by
parking lots or suburban vegetation, or hidden in brushy canyons now made impenetrable by dense chaparral
the Ohlone would have burned away each fall. This fragile, depleted archaeological wealth is our inheritance
from the past. Preserved with care, and excavated with the integrity of explicitly scientific research, the sites
can be expected to provide answers to our remaining questions about the Ohlone and their predecessors.
These answers can arm us with knowledge for facing the future, when we can expect economic fluctuations,
population stresses, and climatic changes to act upon those of us who now live in Santa Cruz. We are the new
"people of the west", stewards of the past with the responsibility and power to preserve what remains for the
future.
Recommended Additional Readings
A summarization such as the preceding cannot begin to describe in any detail the richness and variety of
California Indian culture. The following are readily available sources for those wishing to further their
understanding of the Ohlone and other California Indians. Asterisk (*) indicates exceptional sources. All were
available in 1980, when the Archaeological Resources Protection Amendment was presented to the public.
Ballena Press, Box 1366, Socorro, New Mexico 87801
Publishers of scholarly writings on Calif., Southwest, and Great Basin ethnohistory. List available.
Bean, Lowell J. and Thomas Blackburn, authors
Native Californians: A Theoretical Retrospective. Ramona: Ballena Press. 1971. Collection of papers on
California Indian social organization.
Bean, Lowell John and Thomas F. King, authors*
Antap: California Indian Political and Economic Organization. Ramona: Ballena Press. 1974.
Anthropological descriptions of organizational systems employed by various tribal groups.
Coyote Press*, P.O. Box 3377, Salinas, CA 93912
Publishers of locally written manuscripts dealing with the archaeology and ethnohistory of the central
coast.
7
�Davis, J.T.
Trade Routes and Economic Exchange among the Indians of California. Berkeley: U.C. Archaeological
Survey Reports. 1961. Details the incredible variety of exchange goods and extensive trade system of
prehistoric California.
Deetz, James
Invitation to Archaeology. Garden City: The Natural History Press. 1967. Explanation of the reasons for,
and results of, archaeological methods.
Fages, Pedro*
Expedition of Pedro Fages to the San Francisco Bay, 1770. H. E. Bolton, ed. San Francisco: Academy of
Pacific Coast History. 1911. Translated diary of early land expedition.
Gamman, John K.
The Ohlone Indians-People of the West: Their use of natural resources. Unpublished Senior Thesis at
Special Collections, UCSC McHenry Library. 1973. Study of seasonal food gathering by ecozones.
Gordon, Burton L.*
Monterey Bay Area: Natural History and Cultural Imprints. Pacific Grove: Boxwood Press. 1974.
Evolution of the Monterey Bay area landscape, detailing man's manipulation of natural resources.
More recent revised edition now available.
Heizer, Robert F. *
The Costanoan Indians. Local History Studies, Vol. 18. Cupertino: California History Center, De Anza
College. 1974. Thorough survey of Costanoan/Ohlone culture.
Heizer, Robert F., editor
They Were Only Diggers. Newspaper accounts of persecution against the California Indians in the 19th
century.
Heizer, R.F. and M.A. Whipple *
The California Indians: A Source Book. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
1971. Collection of papers on the material culture and social organization of all California tribes.
Jackson, Robert
An Introduction to the Historical Demography of Santa Cruz Mission and the Villa de Branciforte, 17911846. Unpublished Senior Thesis, Special Collections, UCSC McHenry Library. Includes reconstruction of
population patterns of local Ohlone and effects of missionization.
8
�Kessler, Christina *
Ohlone: Native Americans of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Areas. Unpublished Honors Senior
Thesis, Special Collections, UCSC McHenry Library. 1974. Carefully researched, well written paper
exploring the lifeways of the Ohlone and European impact on their culture.
Kroeber, A.L.
Handbook of the Indians of California. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. 1925. Classic California
Indians handbook, republished in paperback by Dover, New York, 1976.
Kroeber, Theodora
Ishi in Two Worlds. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1961. Detailed account of lifeways as
explained to anthropologists by last surviving Yahi, 1911-1916.
Levy, Richard
‘The Costanoan’, pp. 485-495 in Handbook of the North American Indians, Vol. 8, California.
Washington: Smithsonian Institution. 1978. Recent survey of Costanoan/Ohlone culture, synthesizing
recent work with emphasis on linguistic origins.
Lewis, Henry T.
Patterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory. Ramona: Ballena Press. 1973.
References for burning as a method of agriculture.
Margolin, Malcolm *
The Ohlone Way. Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area. Berkeley: Heyday Books. 1978. A
sensitive, beautifully written description of the Ohlone way of life, with excellent bibliography.
Palou, Fray
Francisco Historical Memoirs of New California. H.E. Bolton, ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1926. Translated journals of travels in Alta California.
Santa Cruz Archaeological Society *, 1305 East Cliff Drive, Santa Cruz 95062.
Publishers of SCAN, Santa Cruz Archaeological Notes; present films, speakers, activities related to the
preservation of archaeological sites in Santa Cruz County. Meetings third Thursday monthly, City
Natural History Museum.
Santa Cruz City Museum *, 1305 East Cliff Drive, Santa Cruz CA 95062.
Natural History museum in Seabright, with excellent display on California Indians and good bookstore.
Santa Maria, Fray Vicente *
The First Spanish Entry into San Francisco Bay. John Galvin, ed. San Francisco: J. Howell, Publisher.
Sensitive portrayal of Bay Area Ohlone before missionization.
9
�Smith, Charles R. *
‘In Harmony with the Earth: Heritage Significance among the Ohlone’, in Archaeological Evaluation of
CA-SCR-158 by J. Bergthold, G.S. Breschini, and T. Haversat. Salinas: Coyote Press, 1980. Examination of
attitudes held by Ohlone and other Native Americans towards the desecration of their sacred sites by
development and archaeologists.
Sources Consulted in the Preparation of this Manuscript
Personal Communications
Baker, Suzanne
Archaeological Consultants, San Francisco, CA. Personal communication regarding recent excavations at CASCR-12, the "Beach Hill" site. July 1980.
Cartier, Robert
Archaeological Resource Management, San Jose, CA. Personal communication regarding recent excavations in
Scotts Valley. July 1980.
Mathes, Eric
Consulting Artist, graphics and illustrations, Santa Cruz, CA. Personal communication regarding appearance of
Ohlone landscape. July, 1980.
Orozco, Patrick
Ohlone Indian Cultural Association, Watsonville, CA. Personal notes and communications, 1975 - 1978;
address to the Santa Cruz Archaeological Society, 1975.
Unpublished Papers and other collected manuscripts in public and private collections
Ball, Francine
"Mortuary Customs and Beliefs of the Costanoan Indians." Unpublished class paper, in possession of
Department of Special Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1974.
Breschini, Gary S. and Trudy Haversat
"Archaeological Overview of the Central Coast Counties, Draft for Comment," in possession of Regional Office
of the California Archaeological Site Survey, Aptos CA. 1979.
Edwards, Robert L. and MaryEllen [Ryan] Farley
"Assessment of the Cultural Resources of the Lower Pajaro River Basin, California, with selected field study."
Contracted manuscript in possession of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, San Francisco, CA. 1974.
Gamman, John K.
"The Ohlone Indians - People of the West: Their Use of Natural Resources." Student Paper no. ES 144 N, in
possession of Department of Special Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1973.
10
�Kessler, Christina
"Ohlone: Native Americans of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area." Honors Thesis, in possession of
Department of Special Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1974.
Kessler, Christina Mary
"People of the West." Student paper, in possession of Department of Special Collections, McHenry Library,
University of California Santa Cruz. 1974.
Koster, George H.
"The San Lorenzo River, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow." Thesis, in possession of Department of Special
Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1975.
Krumbein, William J.
"Natural Bridges State Beach History." Undated typescript in possession of Department of Special Collections,
McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz.
Morris, Joseph and Allan Lonnberg
"Santa Cruz County Prehistoric Settlement Pattern Analysis: A Preliminary Report." Student paper in
possession of Department of Special Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1975.
Ryan Farley, MaryEllen
"California Indians of the Central Coast." Typescript for slide illustrated lecture program, in possession of Santa
Cruz City Museum. 1973.
Simmons, Terry
"The Status and Future of Archaeology in the Santa Cruz Region." Thesis, in possession of Department of
Special Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1978.
Spencer, Lois
"The Costanoan Indians: Bibliography." Typescript in possession of Department of Special Collections,
McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1971.
Swift, Carolyn
"A Sampler: Indians of Santa Cruz County." Student paper in possession of Library, Cabrillo College, Aptos CA.
1971.
Various authors and dates
Files and confidential records of the Regional Office of the Californian Archaeological Site Survey, Aptos, CA.
Used in this manuscript:
Santa Cruz County Archaeological Site Records, 3 volumes, including CA-SCR-12, -24, -25, -80, -87, -89, -93, -94,
-106, -114, -116, -142, -187, -189.
Santa Cruz County Archaeological Impact Evaluations: No. E-14, -21, -23, -32, -51, -64, -103, -159, -165, -174, 177, -178, -179, -200, -208, -211, -215, -218, -235, -243, -255, -275, -276, -298, -309, -313, -317, -331, -336, 342.
Weiner, Ann Lucy
"Mechanisms and Trends in the Decline of Costanoan Population." Thesis, in possession of Department of
Special Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1979.
11
�Published Sources
Edwards, Rob
‘5400 Years on the Santa Cruz Coast’, article in Volume 3 Number 3, Santa Cruz Archaeological Notes.
Santa Cruz: Santa Cruz Archaeological Society.
Gordon, Burton L.
Monterey Bay Area: Natural History and Cultural Imprints. Pacific Grove: Boxwood Press. 1974.
Heizer, Robert F.
The Costanoan Indians. Local History Studies, Vol. 18. Cupertino: California History Center. 1974.
Heizer, R.F. and M.A. Whipple
The California Indians: A Source Book. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1971.
Kroeber, A.L.
Handbook of the Indians of California. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 1925.
Levy, Richard
‘The Costanoan’, pp. 485-495 in Handbook of the North American Indians, Vol. 8, California.
Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 1978.
Margolin, Malcolm
The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area. Berkeley: Heyday Books. 1978.
Mathes, W. Michael
A Brief History of the Land of Calafia: The Californias 1533 - 1795. San Francisco: the author.
Nemeric, Jan
‘Edible Plants of Santa Cruz used by Aborigines’, article in Loganberry: A Santa Cruz Magazine, second
edition. Santa Cruz: UCSC Environmental Studies Department. 1973.
Smith, Charles R.
In Harmony with the Earth: Heritage Significance among the Ohlone, in Archaeological Evaluation of
CA-SCR-158 by J. Bergthold, G.S. Breschini, T. Haversat. Salinas: Coyote Press. 1980.
Source
Prepared as a narrative accompaniment to the Archaeological Resources Protection Amendment, Historic
Preservation Plan of the City of Santa Cruz. For the City of Santa Cruz Planning Department under provision of
P.O. No. 09894.
12
�MaryEllen Ryan
Historical Investigations
July 28, 1980
© Copyright MaryEllen Ryan. Reproduced with the permission of MaryEllen Ryan and the City of Santa Cruz.
It is the library’s intent to provide accurate information, however, it is not possible for the library to completely
verify the accuracy of all information. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are
incorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library.
13
�
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Santa Cruz History Articles
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AR-179
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"A Well Looking, Affable People…": The Ohlone of Aulintak/Santa Cruz
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Native Americans
Ohlone
Archaeology
Historic Preservation
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Ryan, MaryEllen
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Prepared as a narrative accompaniment to the Archaeological Resources Protection Amendment, Historic Preservation Plan of the City of Santa Cruz
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Santa Cruz Public Libraries
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7/28/1980
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Copyright MaryEllen Ryan. Reproduced with the permission of MaryEllen Ryan and the City of Santa Cruz.
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