["itemContainer",{"xmlns:xsi":"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance","xsi:schemaLocation":"http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5 http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5/omeka-xml-5-0.xsd","uri":"https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=49&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Historic+Preservation&output=omeka-json","accessDate":"2024-03-29T00:47:41-07:00"},["miscellaneousContainer",["pagination",["pageNumber","1"],["perPage","10"],["totalResults","47"]]],["item",{"itemId":"134486","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"21629"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/f3a8463f3f332b093979c6be1a16ade4.pdf"],["authentication","4dd84455ff6bb54bef5822fc8590d211"],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"7"},["name","PDF Text"],["description"],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"94"},["name","Text"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1900402"},["text","Construction Chronology of the Site of Holy Cross Church,\nSanta Cruz, Calfornia\nBy Edna E. Kimbro\n[This document was originally prepared for the Historic Preservation Commission as part of Holy Cross Parish's\napplication to build a new Parish Hall.]\n\nIntroduction\nNew construction activities on the site of Holy Cross Church are expected to involve considerable earth\ndisturbance in and around the former site of the quadrangle and cemetery of Mission Santa Cruz. Historical\nresearch has been undertaken to assist in identifying archaeologically sensitive portions of the site in order to\navoid or minimize impact on any subsurface cultural resources. The following is a summary report of the initial\nintensive archival research. Holy Cross Church contracted with the Cabrillo College Archaeological Program for\narchaeological services. The program, in turn, subcontracted with the author for historical research and report\npreparation prior to and in order to guide archaeological testing.\nSpecific research objectives included identification of the corners of the historic mission quadrangle, the\nlocation of the front of the mission church and its bell tower, the boundaries of the cemetery and the\nsequence or spatial relationship of the various historic buildings, to assist archaeologists in identifying\nsubsurface findings and planning their testing program. The research appears to have been successful in\nattaining most of the objectives; however, the proof of the pudding is in the ground. Furthermore, the\nsequence of rooms and buildings within the quadrangle represent an educated guess or hypothesis, not a\nprediction.\nPrimary documentation consulted included the original mission informes or annual reports which included a\nsection entitled Fabricas, relating the year's building achievements. These were compared with the two\nsecularization inventories of 1834 and 1835, which detailed what remained of those activities. The inventory\nof 1834 gives dimensions of buildings as does the account of the dedication of the church in the baptismal\nrecord. Interestingly enough, the dimensions given for the church length vary from 39 varas long in the 1793\ninforme and 37.5 varas long in the baptismal record of the next year. The difference may relate to the size of\nthe foundations excavated one year and the finished exterior measurements of the church the next.\nAlternatively, they may represent the difference between interior and exterior measurements.\n\n1\n\n�Additional primary documentation recovered included historical maps and photographs which assist with\nplacing the buildings of the past within the context of the topography of the present. Materials from the\nfollowing archives were utilized: California State Library, the Bancroft Library, the Huntington Library, the\nChancery Archives of San Francisco and Monterey, the Santa Barbara Mission Archives, the Historical Society\nof Southern California, Lummis House collection, the Santa Cruz Historical Trust Archives, the Holy Cross Parish\nArchives, the Santa Cruz Public Library microfilm collection, and Special Collections and Map Room of the\nDean McHenry Library of the University of California, Santa Cruz. Research emphasis was upon the nineteenth\ncentury, with less attention given the last fifty years of development on the site. Current parish records, for\nexample, were not consulted. Buildings off site, at the Holy Cross School and the replica sites, for example,\nwere not researched. The considerable data collected by the author and others to research the Santa Cruz\nMission Adobe under contract to the California Department of Parks and Recreation was invaluable.\nThe Holy Cross Church site has seen a succession of buildings come and go, with a number of them moved\naround on the site as needs dictated. Also, parts of the site have been significantly graded on at least two,\nperhaps three occasions. Considerable effort was expended in locating period newspaper accounts of parish\nactivities which led to building and moving episodes. The data retrieved has been entered into a Filemaker Pro\nMackintosh database which can be searched to recover information about specific topics as they present\nthemselves.\nInformation about the history of Mission Santa Cruz generally speaking and its physical development before\nestablishment on Mission Hill or outside the quadrangle area has been omitted as it is either reported\nelsewhere, or lies outside the scope of the present endeavors, i.e., is not part of the immediate site of Holy\nCross Church, where construction activities are contemplated. The information is naturally divided into the\nperiod from 1792 until secularization and the departure of the last Franciscan priest in 1845, and the period\nfollowing.\n\nThe Mission Era\nThe Convento\nConstruction activities atop Mission Hill in Santa Cruz began in 1792 with construction of the adobe convento,\n64 varas (176 feet) long and 6 varas (15.5 feet) wide. These are presumed to be exterior measurements. This\nwidth suggests a single row of rooms containing a sala or reception room 13 varas (35.75 feet) long and two\nrooms, presumably for the two friars, each 9 varas (24.75 feet) long, and a large granary, 25 varas (68.75 feet)\nlong. The room sizes may represent interior measurements as they derive from the 1792 Informe. The granary\nand a palisaded corral measuring 40 varas (110 feet) were indicative of the importance of agricultural\nproduction of foodstuffs and the security of livestock. The corredor of the convento was planked in for use as\na temporary chapel (1792 Informe SBMA). The location of this building is not certain. However, the convento\nhas generally been presumed to have been located in the same place on the hill, immediately west of the first\nand last mission church begun the following year as no reports or correspondence suggest any change in the\nbuilding's location.\nThe convento was constructed with walls two adobes thick (1792 Informe SBMA). Since no mention was made\nof any flooring material, it may be presumed to have had a packed earth floor before installation of wood\nfloors in later years. A ladrillo (flat tile) floor may have been installed during the years (1799-1805; 1807-1809)\n2\n\n�for which scant or no reports are available, however. The roof was flat or vaulted (an azotea), constructed\nwith vigas (exposed beams), planked ceiling above and finished with ladrillos in mortar (probably lime) for\nhalf, the rest with bitumen. A parapet wall with canales (projecting water spouts of wood) surrounded the\nperimeter of the roof. The material of the corredor roof was not specified (1792 Informe SBMA). This roof may\nbe supposed to have been flat as well, similar to such construction typically used elsewhere in the\nSouthwestern United States.\nThe convento was altered considerably over the years. In 1796, it was heavily damaged, probably by rain and\nwas rendered unfit to use and a temporary wooden structure housed the friars (1796 Informe SBMA). It is\nsuspected that the flat roof fell in as did that of the church. A period of years for which no reports exist\nobfuscate the details of the convento's repair. Eventually it was recorded as being 70 varas (192.5 feet) long,\njust six varas longer than the original construction (1835 Inventory BL) It was expanded to 14 varas (38.5 feet)\nin width, making it undoubtedly two or more rooms in depth front to back. At this time it was described as\nencompassing 14 rooms with 20 doors and 7 windows. Ten years later it was described as only 12 rooms, ten\nof which had been allocated to the Padre (Pico and Anzar inventory 1845 BL; Figueroa to Del Valle 1834 BL).\nThe roof was eventually tiled with tejas (tapered barrel terra cotta roof tiles) and a tile roofed interior\ncorredor facing the patio (north) was added in 1812 (1835 Inventory BL; 1812 Informe SBMA). The next year\nthe sala, or reception room, was floored with wood, reflecting the plentifulness of lumber in the region (1813\nInforme SBMA). In 1814 the corredor along the front (south side) of the convento was floored with ladrillo\ntiles, a material more impervious to the weather (1814 Informe SBMA). The roof of the corredor can be\npresumed to have been tiled along with the main building; however, it is not specified in the documentation.\nThe details of the facade of the convento are not well recorded, but it is generally understood from the 1876\nTrousset painting (located in the reliquary adjacent the mission replica), and from mission authority Edith\nBuckland Webb's observations of the northern missions, that the corredor supports were hewn redwood\ninterspersed with a low wooden balustrade. Such barriers were not uncommon at mission period sites,\nconstructed either as low adobe walls, or wood to bar animals from the corredor; early depictions of the\nPresidio of Monterey and Camel Mission show them. The foundation was reported bad in 1825, the result of\nerosion (from excessive moisture), and was considered hazardous \"by reason of its height,\" numerous\nearthquakes having occurred in the year (axiomatically, the greater the height to thickness ratio of an adobe\nwall, the greater the potential hazard in an earthquake). In 1840, the foundation of the convento was largely\nreplaced by Fr. Real (1840 Informe SBMA).\nThe 1834 inventory lists the individual rooms of the mission. The following rooms are hypothesized to have\ncomprised the convento: a possible room for a seamstress; one bedroom from the time when there were two\npriests; sala; storeroom; former office filled with storage; dining room; kitchen; grain husking room; Priest's\nroom; library w/ books, cashbox, expensive cloth, etc.; ironworks storage w/ tools, hides, hats, stills; granary\n(possibly the first one built with the convento). The sequence of the rooms appears to have been as listed\nhere, but it is not clear how the recordation was done by Fr. Real and Ignacio Del Valle, the secularization\ncommissioner. First, they apparently recorded the rooms behind the church. Then, they appear to have\nstarted the convento from the south or front side next to the church as the sala (reception room) usually\nopened to the front. Completing the front, they may have proceeded to the back where the kitchen would be\nexpected, and ended with the granary at the end of the wing to the west as indicated by the 1854 Black\nsurvey.\n3\n\n�The Church\nThe permanent adobe church was started in 1793, located at right angles to the convento and facing south\ntoward the mission plaza. Like the convento, it had a flat roof initially (Fernandez 1798 CASF). Upon dedication\nin 1794, it was described as 37.5 varas (103 feet) long, 9.66 varas (26.5 feet) wide, and 8.5 varas (23 feet) in\nheight (no indication of whether these are interior or exterior measurements). In the 1793 informe it was\nreported as 9.50 varas in width and height. As described at the time of dedication, the church was constructed\nwith a two vara (5.5 feet) high stone foundation above grade forming a talus or battered stone base with\ndouble adobe walls. Near the time of its demolition, the interior walls were said to be five feet thick, and the\nexterior ones six feet thick (San Francisco Call Supplement, January 3, 1884). The architecturally ornamented\nfacade and three interior arches were carved stone, probably soft Santa Cruz mudstone. There was a choir loft\n5 varas (13.75 feet) deep running along the rear of the church with a stairway for access from the west and a\nchoir loft window (Elliott 1879:4). Sources differ as to whether the stairway was inside or outside of the\nchurch: Elliott has it inside in 1879, the dedication description places it outside in 1794. On the Epistle (right\nside facing the altar, or east, parking lot) side was a sacristy of 7 square varas (19.25 feet) and an office 5\nsquare varas (13.75 feet). Originally these rooms were described as attached to the basic envelope of the\nchurch to the east, but by the 1834 and 1835 inventories, there were three rooms located behind the church\nserving these and related functions such as musical instrument storage. The original sacristy and office\ndisappeared at an unknown date. No period picture depicts the facade of the Santa Cruz Mission Church. The\nTrousset painting of 1876 represents the building as described by local residents and as a portion of it\nappeared at that date.\nBad weather, rising damp, the use of an extraordinarily porous stone, or a combination thereof, forced the\nrebuilding of the facade from the ground up in 1811 and the installation of a tile roof, replacing the flat one\n(1811 Informe SBMA). The following year a portico was added to the facade (1812 Informe SBMA). The\noriginal flooring material of the church as a whole was not mentioned, but in 1812 the floor of the chancel\n(the area at the rear of the church where the main altar is located and the priest officiates) was reported\ncovered with boards and a new sacristy (probably behind the church where the granary discussed below was\nlocated) was built with a wood floor (1812 Informe SBMA). The next year, 1813, the church and sala, or\nreception room, floors were floored with wood. At the same time three buttresses were built at the south and\neast side of the church, which were rebuilt in 1824 (1813, 1824 Informes SBMA). In 1833, more stone\nbuttresses were built on the east cemetery side of the church (1833 Informe SBMA). Two buttresses are\nindicated southeast of the church on the 1854 Black survey.\nWhen inventoried in 1835, the church was described as being 40 varas long by 10 varas wide and high with\nwalls of adobe, covered with tile and ceiling of boards; three doors, three windows with glass panes and\ncurtains. It is said to have had three rooms next to the sacristy, which was 8 varas square. The baptistery was 6\nvaras square with a room for arrangement of the movable things of the church, 8 by 4 varas (Real and Del\nValle 1835 BL). The location of these rooms was not specified.\nIn early January, 1850, one E. Upton visited the mission church. He described the tower as very old and\n\"crumbled down\" with five bells hanging from a wood frame in front. He reported visiting the church and most\nof its secret apartments including a music room full of musical instruments. He related that the priest spoke\nonly Spanish, was about 70 years old, wore a long gray robe, and lived in the wing next to the church. He said\nthat the interior of the church was visited through a narrow passageway (Upton Ms. 1850 BL).\n4\n\n�In 1794, the same year the church was completed, a two story granary was built (1794 Informe SBMA). This\ngranary is thought to have been the long building located immediately behind the church vestry, sacristy, and\nmusic room, effectively an extension of the building. It was close to the same width, 10 varas (27.5 feet) wide\n(using the measurements of the 1834 inventory), and number of stories as the church, and 30 varas (82.5 feet)\nlong. Its foundation was not battered as was that of the church. The weaving room, storehouse, and possibly\neven the carpenter shop of the same width, may have been originally located at its north end; the record is\nnot clear on these particulars. Also constructed in 1794 were the weaving room, storehouse, and sheep corral\nwith adobe walls, the latter possibly located west of the complex in the area later referred to in deeds as the\nmission corrals.\nTwo sides of the future quadrangle appear to have been completed in 1794 and in 1795, two adobe walls\nwere built to enclose it. The church and granary were aligned along the east side with the convento and\ngranary along the south; the new walls formed the west and north sides.\nOver the years the church's accommodations for bells suffered various set backs. An espadana (decorative\nfacade extension or \"false front,\" sometimes with openings to hold bells) was built in 1814 to hold the bells,\nprobably above the portico (1814 Informe SBMA). In 1825, the buttresses on the south (front) and northeast\nof the church had to be rebuilt (1825 Informe SBMA). Later in 1831 they were extended, a campanario or bell\ntower built atop a buttress extension, and part of the facade was rebuilt again (1831 Informe SBMA). In the\nsame year, a large cross was erected in the cemetery on a raised stone platform (1831 Informe SBMA). In 1840\nthe tower fell, undermined from excessive moisture at the base from excessive rain and resultant high water\ntable; no earthquake was recorded that year (1840 Informe SBMA). One early newspaper article related that\nthe mission church had towers on both sides of the facade; however, this information does not coincide with\nthat contained in the annual reports (Pacific Sentinel, September 28, 1860).\n\nThe Monjerio\nThe next major building of the quadrangle for which records are extant was the room for single women and\nwidows, or monjerio, constructed in 1810 \"double in the square.\" Prior to its construction the women were\nhoused in a room of the convento (Arguello, September 11, 1798, in Smith, in Coy Collection CSL). The\nexpression, \"double in the square,\" suggests that it may have been built up against an existing building. At 12\nvaras (33 feet) long by 6 varas (16.5 feet) wide, it was one single room. A latrine or \"lugar commun,\" 10 varas\n(27.5 feet) by 5 varas with a ladrillo tile floor was located next to it at an unknown date; perhaps the monjerio\nwas built next to it, effectively doubling it? The size seems great for the purpose as bathing and laundry\nfacilities were not mentioned as included.\nThe 1835 Inventory indicates that the monjerio had a tiled roof (added in 1815), ladrillo tile floor, board ceiling\nand two doors and a patio 50 varas square enclosed by a wall six varas high. Relative to this enclosed patio, a\nstrong wall was reported built in 1810 at the same time as the monjerio; however, in 1816 a patio with a\nwater ditch running through it for drinking and laundry was constructed (1810, 1816 Informe SBMA). The 1821\ninforme records \"two walls 75 varas long, and 6 varas high, two adobes thick, were raised to make a corner for\nan ample patio for the unmarried women.\" This patio enclosure was larger than that reported later in 1835; it\nmay have been diminished in size and the space put to other uses. It seems certain that this patio was located\nwest of the quadrangle proper as several early photographs and the 1856 Miller sketch shows adobe\n5\n\n�enclosures and a water ditch or drainage running through from north to south, locating the monjerio and\nlatrine along the west wing (Miller 1856 BL). As the convento and monjerio were the only known buildings\nextant in 1812 when tile-roofed corredores were built facing the interior of the quadrangle, it is likely that the\nmonjerio had a corredor, or covered walkway, in that location.\n\nThe Workshops\nThe dates for construction of the various mission workshops were not reported in the extant informes; either\nthey were considered of lesser importance, or they were constructed during the period for which there are no\nor scanty reports. They were described in detail in the inventories of 1834 and 1835 and are generally known\nto have been located at the rear of the mission quadrangle along the north wall and possibly extending down\nsome unknown distance into the northern portions of the monjerio wing on the west and the church-granary\non the east.\nIn 1834 the shops may have been inventoried clockwise in the following order: after the monjerio and latrine\nwas a room for flour sifting; 2 rooms where a native lives (original use unknown); blacksmith's shop; weaving,\nwool carding, spinning rooms; shoemaker/saddlery shop; food storage room with barrels, etc.; granary; loft\nwith beans; loft with wheat (both overhead); corn granary; granary with hides, skins, metates, wheels stored;\n2 mill rooms with molinos de rastra, wheat storage room. Next were listed 2 guest rooms, a hat making shop,\n\"zaguan,\" a cart gate of 7 varas long with a loft and wood door, roofed with tile (1835 Inventory\nmeasurements), to the orchard north of the quadrangle, and a carpenter shop. In the 1835 inventory this\npassage way was termed a paradise, a covered passage or alleyway.\nA second passageway, a \"zaguan paradise,\" is listed in 1834 and 1835, communicating with a corral. It had one\nroom on each side where thread for weaving was stored and measured 7 varas long and 2 wide. The two small\nrooms, one on each side, were of equal size. This zaguan may have been overlooked in the initial pass through\nthe west wing as it was presumably located on the west side where the corrals were built. (The orchard lie to\nthe north and the cemetery on the east). Following the corral zaguan, a number of buildings were listed that\nappear to have been located outside the quadrangle proper but within the confines of its enclosures: a\nroofless room where soap was made; another soapworks room; meat storage room (dried and lard); candle\nmaking room; lime storage room; bran storage room; empty room; room where a native lives; 2 rooms where\nnatives live; 2 former chicken coops; a shed used as a stable. Perhaps these rooms were built up against the\noutside walls of the quadrangle or were scattered around within the fenced areas. For example, in 1879,\nElliott's history noted \"The remains of the wine cellar are also visible on the easterly side of the hill, below the\nold church\" (Elliott 1879:4). Wherever they were, it is certain that they were inventoried as part of the central\nframework or \"casco\" of the mission and not with the Indians and soldiers houses, tannery, etc. outside.\nIn 1835, the buildings were apparently inventoried in a different order, and measurements were given. It\nappears that the convento was measured first, followed by the granary behind the church, with the shops\nfollowing counterclockwise: carpenter shop; warehouse with loft; passageway (paradise) with loft\n(communicating with the orchard according to the 1834 inventory); shoemaker shop; spinning room with\nladrillo tiled floor, workshop and other room with ladrillo tiled floors, blacksmith shop; passageway (paradise)\nwith two small rooms (which apparently communicated with a corral as described in 1834); room with ladrillo\n\n6\n\n�tiled floor, room with wood floor; latrine with ladrillo floor; monjerio; room; room with wood floor; room with\nannex; granary threatened with ruin; and granary.\nUsing the measurements given, efforts have been made to hypothesize the probable sequence and alignment\nof the rooms to correspond with the extant maps and plans of the exterior of the quadrangle. Taking these\n1835 measurements for the south wing, the front of the church at 9.66 varas (26.56 feet), the length of the\nconvento at 70 varas (192.5 feet), and the length of the granary at 12 varas (33 feet), came out at 252.06 feet,\ncorresponding nicely with the measurement of 250 feet shown by G. Black in 1854. On that map, the north\nand south wings scale out to about 250 feet in length, while the east and west quadrangle walls are shown as\n237.5 feet long. Looking at the west wing of the quadrangle: the end of the granary (33 feet), the length of a\nlarger granary (74.25 feet), three buildings of unknown use at 19.25 feet, 16.5 feet and 27.50 feet, the\nmonjerio with the privy at its side at 33 feet, another building of unknown use at 30.25 feet, and the side of\nanother building of unknown use at 63.25 feet came to 237.87 feet, close again. Along the north shops wing: a\nbuilding of unknown use at 63.25 feet; 3 rooms 19.25 feet each; blacksmith shop at 33 feet; the weaving room\nat 55 feet long ; spinning room at 42.62 feet long , the cobbler shop at 16.5 feet, and the side of the\npassageway at 19.25 feet came to 278.37, too long. From the south to the north on the east or cemetery side:\nchurch at 103 feet; granary at 82.50 feet; carpenter shop at 39.87 feet; storeroom/warehouse at 17.87, came\nto 232.37, close. Some adjustments around the northeast comer may be appropriate.\n\nSecularization/Transition Changes\nIn 1840, Governor Alvarado terminated the secularization process, finally freeing the Indians from any\nobligation whatsoever to the Mission (Pico and Anzar 1845 BL). That same year, the church bell tower\ncollapsed from water damage at the base and the foundation of the convento had to be largely replaced. Fr.\nReal rebuilt the cemetery walls and covered them with tile. He also had an adobe wall, 50 varas (137 feet) long\nconstructed dividing the patio of the quadrangle (1840 Informe SBMA). The length suggests that 137 feet was\nthe internal measurement of the quadrangle at whatever place the wall was located. It is supposed that this\nwall divided the space around the church and convento from the shops portion. The latter was no longer\nneeded and perhaps already in ruin. Correspondence between Fr. Real and the authorities in Monterey\nsuggest that he had an abiding interest in the granary extension behind the church, which remained standing\nlong after his departure (Real to Alvarado 1840 CASF). There are indications that a blacksmith shop was\nlocated in that wing, possibly the stills (portable copper apparatus for distilling brandy from fruit), and that it\nwas used or wanted for use as a stable, etc. (Rowland 1941:4; Real to Alvarado 1840 CASF; Figueroa to Del\nValle 1834 BL). In any case, despite the division wall possibly separating the north portion of the quadrangle\nfrom the south, the actual pattern of use and occupation apparently disfavored the shops and monjerio wings\nand they deteriorated rapidly. The theft of roof tile from mission buildings was also a factor contributing to the\ndeterioration of adobe mission buildings in the late 1830s. Mission mayordomo, or overseer, Jose Bolcoff was\nguilty of the practice (Amador Ms., BL; Real to Quijas, 1843:3893 SBMA).\n\nEx-Mission Santa Cruz became Holy Cross\nFollowing Fr. Jose Antonio Suarez Del Real's departure for Mexico in 1845, other priests, including Anzar of\nMission San Juan Bautista, administered the sacraments at Ex-Mission Santa Cruz from a distance (Real to Pico\n7\n\n�1845 CASF). From 1851 until 1854 Fr. Francisco Llebaria officiated. In 1853 Fr. Sebastian Filoteo commissioned\na new wood frame priest's house, or rectory, constructed on the site of the ruins of the old convento\n(Mechanics Lien, Alcalde Book C:5, SCCR). It was a one and one half story wooden saltbox with an outside\nstairway leading upstairs. Filoteo is said to have been sent to Santa Cruz by Archbishop Alemany, then\npetitioning the U. S. Government for the return of mission lands in California to the church; it would not do for\nthem to appear as abandoned parishes (Torchiana 1933:378). Starting in 1854, Fr. Juan B. Comelias or\nComellas, also administered the sacraments at Santa Cruz until 1856 when Fr. Capdevilla replaced him.\nA map of the lands claimed at Mission Santa Cruz was prepared by G. Black in 1854 for the church's claim,\nshowing the new rectory, the old church and its rear extension and an adobe granary near the southwest\ncorner of the quadrangle. Adobe walls formed enclosures to the west, about the cemetery to the east, and\nabout the orchard to the north. Again, the quadrangle walls are shown as 237.5 feet from east to west and\nabout 240-250 feet north to south. Ruined adobe walls are indicated by dotted lines, both inside and outside\nof the convento. The convento or priest's residence, was probably maintained in better repair than the other\nrooms until the site was mostly abandoned. Two other maps of this era by Bache for the U. S. Coastal Survey\nin 1853 and 1854 show the west and north portions of the quadrangle in ruins. An adobe building on the 1854\nBlack map is shown at the southwest comer of the square, probably a granary, is also visible in the 1856 Miller\nsketch of the mission (Miller 1856 BL).\n\nThe Cemetery\nThe mission cemetery lay to the east of the old mission adobe church and was irregularly shaped. It extended\neast from the front (southeast) comer of the church to a point where it angled to the north east. At a point\nabout 150 feet east, a wall angled west to the church almost parallel with the front or southern cemetery wall.\nComparing the 1854 Black survey with a plot map of Fallon's land east of the cemetery surveyed by T. W.\nWright in 1851, it appears that the northern portion of the west line of Fallon's lot corresponds to the\nsouthern portion of the eastern cemetery wall. Fallon's rear or northern boundary line appears as an\nextension of the east-west cemetery wall.\nThe Black survey shows a line (possibly a wall), shot to the northeast corner of the eastern wing of the\nquadrangle. Judging from the topography, it would appear that this area north and rear of the cemetery lie\ndown the hillside northeast of the church. This area may have been used as a burial ground when the older\noriginal part was full. In any case, burials were discovered in the area northeast of the church in 1950 when\nthe area was graded and they are shown in photographs of the 1920s era. This observation is born out by\nnewspaper references (Santa Cruz Sentinel, September 2, 1885; Santa Cruz Daily Surf, September 16, 1889).\nDiscrepancies exist between the Fallon survey of 1851, the Black survey of 1854 and the Surveyor General's\nsurvey by John Wallace in 1858, concerning the length of the old adobe cemetery wall running from the survey\npost south to a point at right angles to the front of the church. Scaling from the Fallon map it was 150 feet\nlong; from Black, 125 feet long, and from Wallace, 132 feet long. The latter puts the rear line at 138.6 feet at a\nscale of 20 chains/inch.\nMost importantly, the Wallace (Deputy U. S. Surveyor General) map of 1858 shows the old adobe church in\nrelation to the new wood church of 1858, discussed below. At this point in time, very little of the old church,\nother than the facade itself, had fallen or been cleared away, it appears. It is important to note that the facade\n8\n\n�of the new wood church of 1858 was shown with the facade absolutely aligned with that of the old adobe\nchurch. Also, a vestige of the adobe bell tower and front buttress was shown still in place on the southeast\nside of the adobe church facade.\nEventually, a new brick church was proposed for the site of the old mission church. Because the new church\nwas to be substantially wider than the mission church (about 25 feet), it was necessary to excavate the\ngraveyard west of the church. An announcement was published in the Daily Surf, July 23, 1885: \"The old\ncemetery will be leveled to the grade of the rest of the ground and those who desire will remove the remains\nof friends buried there. Others will remain under the new church, which however, will cover only a portion of\nthe ground devoted to the cemetery.\"\n\nThe New Wooden Church of 1858\nDuring the tenure of Fr. Benito de Capdevilla in 1857, the front portion of the mission church collapsed\nfollowing a very wet winter, an unprecedented frost, and the Ft. Tejon earthquake and its aftershocks. The\nchurch was not demolished but almost immediately, work began on a new church to the west of the wooden\nrectory located just west of the old adobe church. It was built by Waters and Beck with the help of Mr. Stevens\n(plastering) and Mr. Lampee (painting). At this time, it had a central belfry but lacked the twin towers erected\nlater. It measured 110 feet long by 36 feet wide, and 27 feet in height (Pacific Sentinel, May 23, 1857).\nIn 1861 the old mission adobe church was remodeled at the instance of Bishop Amat for use as a girl's school\nat a cost of $2000. The roof was shingled and raised, the ruins cleared away at the front and the facade\nweather boarded (Pacific Sentinel, October 17, 1861). The shingles are said to have been provided by Waddel\nand Bowles (Santa Cruz Sentinel, October 31, 1919). The end product of these activities was a building 180\nfeet long by 42 feet wide by 37 feet in height, capable of accommodating 200 pupils. Since the length of this\ntotal wing approximated 250 feet in length, it is possible that some 70 feet of the church portion was removed\nat this time, if the 180 foot figure represents the entire building.\nThis school and orphanage were to be run by the Sisters of Charity coming from the east. In 1861 Fr.\nCapdevilla died and Fr. Casanova came from Monterey in 1862 to serve as pastor for the community. The\nSisters of Charity apparently preferred the premises of the old Eagle Hotel on Emmet Street to the former\nchurch building and purchased it in 1862. The old adobe church building was offered for rent in 1863 (The\nSentinel, August 24, 1863). Its eventual use is not known with any real certainty, although accounts in the\n\"Libro de Cuenta,\" or account book of the parish, show the name of the renters and the amounts paid in the\n1860s and 1870s (Libro de Cuenta SBMA). Bancroft recalled it as having been used as a stable, apparently in\nthe 1870s or early 1880s (Bancroft 1888:208).\nIn 1864, Fr. Casanova spent $1900 to repair and complete the new wooden church of 1858. T. Beck\nconstructed the twin bell towers, which were in place when all known historical photographs were taken of\nthe building (Santa Cruz Sentinel, October 29, 1864). It is not clear precisely when the old rectory of 1853 was\nmoved to the rear of the lot between the new church and the old adobe one; however, the move may have\nbeen part of this effort. Photographs published in 1866, but taken when the towers were being constructed,\nshow the rectory situated well at the rear, but forward of the end of adobe mission building (Lawrence and\nHouseworth 1866 LC).\n9\n\n�When Fr. Adam took over as Pastor in 1868, he refurbished the wooden church, repairing and enhancing it\nseveral times in the 1870s. He added a side chapel in 1870 dedicated to the Blessed Virgin (De Groote Ms.\n1959). He introduced gas lighting to the church and was responsible for a new church pulpit and altar. He\nbrought the large crucifix from Spain, built the new entry stairs and may have been responsible for a new\nsquare two story rectory constructed at the rear of the lot on the site between the new church and the old\nadobe building. This rectory sat somewhat farther back on the lot than the relocated saltbox of 1853, and its\nconstruction may have caused some mission building fabric to be destroyed because it sat close to or upon the\nquadrangle walls (San Francisco Call Supplement, January 3, 1884). It is not clear if the destruction was to the\nadobe church extension, or to the remains of quadrangle walls, or both. However, according to the cited\nnewspaper: \"The old Mission stood until 1856 [sic] when a portion fell during mass [sic]; since which time\nanother large portion of the old building deemed insecure has been torn down.\" The date is not specified but\nit is clear that between the photographs or the mid 1860s and the one with Fr. McNamee taken in the 1880s,\nthe rear of the adobe building was truncated. The front, or church nave portion had already been shortened\nconsiderably, probably in 1861, as the Mission Orchard Map of 1876 shows the front of the mission church no\nlonger in line with the wooden church of 1858.\n\nThe Boy's School\nIn 1870 Fr. Adam started a Catholic School for Boys in a new building constructed by J. Morrow and plastered\nby Tom Tierney at a cost of $985. He brought Bro. Peter Nolan O. S. F. from the College of Mission Santa Ines\nto teach (Santa Cruz Sentinel, October 22, 1870; December 3, 1870). The one room school house measured 45\nfeet long by 25 feet wide and 15 feet at the gable end with a cloak room at the rear and gas lighting. There\nwere 20 double desks with room for 12 more. The new school was built to the west and next to the wood\nchurch of 1858. Its relationship to the other buildings is clearly seen in the Map of Mission Orchard Lots by\nThomas W. Wright prepared in 1876. (Lots in the old mission orchard were sold off for home sites).\nApparently, Fr. Adam experienced difficulties running the Boy's School and closed it ca. 1878 (Otto, November\n26, 1939). He did not give up easily, however, and contacted the Christian Bros. regarding its operation before\nhe left the parish in 1883. In his farewell address, he mentioned many, but hardly all, of his many\naccomplishments at Holy Cross including his prolonged efforts on behalf of the boy's school (Santa Cruz\nSentinel, February 3, 1883).\n\nHoly Cross Church and the Demise of the Adobe Mission Church Building\nFr. Hugh McNamee came to Holy Cross Parish in 1883 to replace Fr. Adam. At some unidentified time during\nhis productive tenure he was photographed by the old boarded over adobe mission building he was to\ndemolish (Smith, Santa Cruz News, August 15, 1936). The building has been considerably modified since the\nphotographs taken in the 1860s and appears to have been radically shortened at the rear as well as the front,\nwhere the altar area remained (San Francisco Call Supplement, January 3, 1884). The date of this considerable\nalteration is unknown but may correspond with the date of the erection of the two story square rectory, which\nis uncertain but apparently was between 1879 and 1883.\nIn 1884, Fr. McNamee announced his intention to build a new brick church on the site of the old mission\nadobe church and his plans to use the 1858 wooden church as a boy's School (Santa Cruz Surf, May 28,1884).\n10\n\n�Demolition began in 1885 and continued for several months. In late September, the remains of Fr. Quintana\nwere said to have been uncovered, but their ultimate disposition is disputed by other sources (Sacramento\nUnion, October 1, 1885). One source credits a John Roberts as having found Quintana's grave and reinterred\nhim in a stone casket (Rowland research UCSC). According to the article cited above: \"Father McNamee has\nplaced the bones in the church and intends to put them in the new church under a stone floor.\"\nApparently, some people were upset by the destruction of the historic mission church, but were reassured by\nnewspaper articles insisting that it was not the church, merely the sacristy and music and vestry rooms behind\nthe church (Daily Surf, July 31, 1885). The fact that the chancel was intact as it was located at the extreme rear\nof the church and described with its niches intact by a San Francisco newspaper was not mentioned locally\n(San Francisco Call Supplement, January 3, 1884).\nA newspaper article reported: \"That portion of the cemetery on which part of the edifice will stand has been\ngraded to a depth of four feet an many large rocks have been taken out.\" A number of coffins and bodies had\nbeen discovered and removed, both Indian and \"Gente de Razon.\" Some were reinterred in another portion of\nthe cemetery down the back of the hill (Santa Cruz Sentinel, September 2, 1885). No mention was made of the\nburials of Don Joaquin Castro and his wife who are known to have been buried beneath the mission church\nfloor, but another family member Maria Garcia Rafaela Castro was disinterred from the cemetery (Wills 1,\nSCCC).\nThe cornerstone of the new brick church was laid with ceremony July 4, 1886 with Bishop Mora officiating\nwith Fr. Hugh McNamee. For the ceremony, the black cross of the mission church which had stood in front of\nits boarded up remnant and may have been formerly in the cemetery, was placed where the original altar of\nthe church had just been. Among the dignitaries present was the architect T. J. Welch who designed it in the\npopular, though Protestant appearing, \"English-Gothic\" style (Santa Cruz Daily Surf, July 3, 1886).\nThe contract for the new church was awarded to Messrs. Kelly and Leddy of San Jose the following year in\n1887 and a ceremony was held the year after to bless the new church bell, \"Francis Henry,\" named for the\ndonor's deceased son and Bishop Mora. The bell was cast by Weed and Kingwell of San Francisco from two old\ncracked mission bells and some altar plate (Santa Cruz Daily Sentinel May 5, 1887; Santa Cruz Daily Surf,\nNovember 20, 1888). Another account held that three bells had been recast totaling 1100 pounds and some\ntin added to made a 1500 pound bell (Rowland n.d. UCSC) .Judging from the number of ceremonies and\nevents, it took some time to raise the funding necessary to complete the project.\nThe limestone for the base of the new church came from Russell's quarry (later known as Fred Johnson's\nKalkar), while many of the bricks came from Henry Call's brick kilns in Blackburn Gulch (Santa Cruz Sentinel,\nSeptember 2, 1885; Santa Cruz Sentinel, September 14, 1889). The pews were said to be cedar with railings\nand arms of Spanish cedar, oiled. B. C. Gadsby painted the church and the frescoing was done by F. Recht.\nNew statues were gifts to Fr. Hugh McNamee for the church but Fr. Adam's crucifix was placed high above the\naltar.\nThe new red brick church with its matching red painted roof was finally dedicated September 15, 1889 with\nBishop Francis Mora and Fr. Joaquin Adam among the celebrants (Santa Cruz Daily Sentinel, January 24, 1888).\nThe measurements of the old adobe mission church and the new brick one were compared. The mission\nchurch was said to be 112.5 feet long, 29 feet wide, 25.5 feet wide. The new church measured 138 feet long\nand 56.5 feet wide, making it 25.5 feet wider than the original building and necessitating incursion into the\n11\n\n�cemetery ground (Santa Cruz Daily Surf, September 16, 1889). The same article mentioned that \"the dead\nwere interred on the slope of the hill back of the church.\" Another said that bodies were buried as many as\nthree deep in the mission cemetery, suggesting the possibility that more may remain beneath the church\n(Sacramento Union, October 1, 1885).\nIn 1888 the Sanborn Company mapped Mission Hill. Their map suggests that when the new square rectory was\nbuilt, the old one may have been used as an addition to the west side (1888 Sanborn Map UCSC). The Sanborn\nmap of 1888 and historical photographs taken as late as the 1920s, suggest that adobe and rock walls\ncontinued to exist at the rear of the church for some time. These walls may have been remnants of the\ncemetery walls or the foundation stem walls of the rear extension off the rear of the old mission church.\nAbout 60 feet was wall was supposed to have been photographed in 1907 (Patten 1974:endpaper). Other\nearly photographs taken from the northwest show adobe and stone walls that appear to be remains of the\noriginal quadrangle and corral walls west of the church.\nAt the time of its dedication, the granite arch was reported as having been \"...erected on the line of the church\nproperty and immediately opposite the church entrance,\" suggesting that the arch designed by architect T. J.\nWelch of San Francisco and crafted by local artisan J. H. Bilodeau, sits on the property line (Santa Cruz Surf,\nSeptember 26, 1891; Rob Edwards personal communication). That angled line was established in 1866 when\nthe City of Santa Cruz granted it to the church by right of possessory title (SCCR Deeds 9:103). Wrought iron\ngates were to have been placed in the gates in the future (Santa Cruz Surf, September 26, 1891).\nFollowing the festivities, some of the assembled were welcomed to refreshments in the bower in front of the\ntwo story square rectory. Also, the church ladies served libations for a fee in the \"small school house adjoining\nthe old church.\" These remarks in the Daily Surf of September 25, 1891 indicate that the school house\nremained standing, if not used for school purposes at the time.\nApparently, the public was thirsty for news about the original mission buildings. The San Francisco Morning\nCall of September 26, 1891 informed them that \"A portion of the old church wall still stands, directly behind\nthe new buildings, which has been built partly on the site of the old church and a portion of the old buryingground.\" It appears from comparing the Black map of 1854 referred to earlier, and the Wallace survey of 1858,\nwith the Mission Orchard Map of 1876, that this wall was actually a portion of the old adobe extension behind\nthe church to the north. It seems to have been a part of the eastern wall.\n\nOther Structures that Have Come and Gone: The New Boy's School\nFr. McNamee was determined to establish a Catholic parochial school for boys to rival the Sisters of Charity\norphanage and girl's school to celebrate his silver jubilee as a priest. Originally, he intended to use the old\nwooden church of 1858 for the purpose but was informed that the foundations were not adequate (Santa\nCruz Surf, May 20, 1898). Accordingly, he demolished the old church in 1898 and began a 75 by 55 foot\naddition to the old wooden schoolhouse of 1870. Alternatively, he may have moved a wing of the old rectory\nand attached it to the side of the school; the 1905 Sanborn map shows a wing missing and photographs of the\nschool depict it looking like two gabled buildings put together. A couple of the Sisters of Charity were to come\nfrom the east to teach the boys (Santa Cruz Surf, May 20, 1898).\n\n12\n\n�The school opened in August with two nuns and Fr. McNamee in charge. They soon discovered that men were\nrequired to keep the boys in line and Fr. McNamee asked the Christian Bros. to come run the free school. They\ndeclined his terms initially, but ultimately came in 1900 after he promised to meet their requirements, one of\nwhich was a residence and independent community. McNamee started a two story square wooden residence\nor \"priory\" for the Christian Brothers with a hipped roof in that year completing it after their occupancy. The\nboy's school opened in August of 1900 with both lower and upper school grades (De Groote Ms. n.d. HCA).\nIn 1901 Fr. McNamee sent two more of the original mission bells to San Francisco to be recast to make one big\nschool bell weighing 700 lbs., named \"Tobias\" after the brother of F. W. Kelly who contributed to it. The school\nand belfry are visible in a number of historical photographs. In 1902 Fr. McNamee followed up with a flag pole\nfor the school and built dormitory rooms for the brothers out back visible in the Sanborn map of 1905. He also\nbuilt a handball alley for the boys and brothers. The latter graded a baseball diamond with the outfield filled in\nand graded from the side hill (DeGroote Ms. n.d. HCA).\nFr. McNamee expanded the school premises when he bought the old Methodist church building formerly at\nthe comer of Green and Mission and renamed it Montgomery Hall after the Bishop. It was used more or less\nas a recreation hall and for sodality meetings (DeGroote Ms. n.d. HCA). After the death of Fr. McNamee on\nOctober 3, 1902, his successor Fr. Fisher enlarged the second classroom of the school building to\naccommodate more students. Brother Justin cut a year door to the yard through the end of the Community\nroom, probably referring to Montgomery Hall.\n\nThe Van Cleeck Rectory\nIn 1903, Fr. Fisher built an architecturally ambitious new rectory designed by the prominent architect E. L. Van\nCleeck (cornerstone photograph; Santa Cruz Surf, May 11, 1907). The following year he had the west end of\nthe low stone wall removed so as to improve the entrance to the new rectory (Santa Cruz Surf, January 22,\n1904). This wall may have been erected in conjunction with the arch of 1891 as it appears in many\nphotographs with the arch and not before it. Two years later in 1906, Fisher moved the old square two story\nrectory to the comer of High and Evergreen (Potrero) streets and had it remodeled by E. L. Van Cleeck and a\nnew foundation built (Santa Cruz Surf, September 14, 1906). The Sanborn maps indicate that garages were\nbuilt as needed behind the rectory over the years as well as a greenhouse and other inconsequential small\noutbuildings.\nIn 1911 the parish buildings along High Street were: the Catholic Church, Holy Rectory, Parochial School,\nMontgomery Hall, Bros. House (priory), and a private home, the old square rectory as remodeled (Finkleday\n1911). The Sanborn map of 1917 labeled the old rectory \"D\" for dwelling.\n\nChanges to Holy Cross Church\nFr. Fisher wanted to upgrade the church as well and donated new stations of the cross executed by Padre\nMorghesi in Rome at a cost of $1500. They may be seen in the Royal Presidio Chapel, Monterey. The\nwhereabouts of the original mission stations in unknown; they may have continued in use until 1912. He\nsought to repair the damage caused by the 1906 earthquake and engaged architect Frank Shea to strengthen\nthe tower and supervise new interior decoration of the church. A set of Apostalado canvases was executed by\n13\n\n�the Italian artist Moretti of San Francisco for the vaulted ceilings and Italian artisans redecorated the interior\nof the church (Santa Cruz Surf, May 29, 1913). In 1947 the church was painted white in an effort to arrest\ndeterioration of the brick (Otto, Santa Cruz Yesterdays, April 22, 1956 McHugh Scrapbook 1, UCSC).\n\nThe Santa Cruz Mission Replica and Reliquary\nIn 1918 Fr. O'Reilly took over for the deceased Mngr. P. J. Fisher and began a move towards reconstruction of\nthe original Mission Santa Cruz with $5000 left by Fr. Fisher for the purpose (Watsonville Pajaronian, May 27,\n1921). This activity may have been prompted by the completion in 1916 of a manuscript about the old mission\nby Frances Rand Smith and the activities of the California Historical Survey Commission on behalf of mission\nrecordation and preservation in 1918. Such a reconstruction would probably have involved removing the brick\nHoly Cross Church, if it was to be totally accurate. Bishop Cantwell broke ground for the project in front of the\nChristian Bros priory. The architect H. A. Minton of San Francisco (architect for the Bank of Italy, later America)\nestimated the cost to be $106,000. The quadrangle was to be used as a school with seven classrooms, a\nlibrary, playrooms and office (Santa Cruz Sentinel, April 17, 1921). The elevation reproduced in the newspaper\nresembled the architectural drawings of Frances Rand Smith more than the replica eventually constructed.\nCa. 1922 the Christian Bros. left Santa Cruz, closing the parochial school (DeGroote Ms. n.d. HCA). A\ncommittee was established to promote the project headed by Fr. O'Reilly and a Mr. Leonard of County Bank\nand the fundraising campaign was launched on September 27, 1921 (Coy Cln. CSL; Santa Cruz Sentinel,\nSeptember 28, 1921). The San Francisco firm of Morrow and Garren also reportedly had blueprints of Santa\nCruz Mission in 1920 (Garren to Coy, July 16, 1920 Coy CSL). Without further research, the causes of the failure\nof this project cannot be ascertained with any certainty.\nLater, according to one source, Fr. McGrath was informed in 1931 that the mission relics retained by Holy\nCross Church (paintings, statuary, silver, etc.) were to be taken to Monterey for safekeeping. In response, he\nstarted a fund to build a vault for them in Santa Cruz, \"to prevent the loss to Santa Cruz of these treasures\"\n(Weber 1985:95-98). Fr. McGrath secured the services of a \"mission architect\" who designed the replica which\nwas to be \"in the yard which surrounded the mission on the east and ... between the church proper and the\nHoly Cross Hall\" (Santa Cruz Sentinel, October 6, 1931). It eventually became the reduced scale Mission replica\nand reliquary largely funded by Gladys Sullivan Doyle and designed by architects Ryland, Estey and McPhetres\n(Santa Cruz News, November 3, 1931). This site had been occupied by a parochial school building no longer in\nuse (Sanborn Maps).\nA number of artifacts were taken to Monterey anyway and some Santa Cruz Mission relics decorate Carmel\nMission today: a life-size articulated statue of \"Nuestra Senora de Candelaria\" (now dressed up as Our Lady of\nMt. Carmel), which came to Santa Cruz Mission in 1822, an oil painting of the Holy Cross exhibited in the\nCarmel Mission cocina, a pair of candlesticks, and the original statue of St. Francis brought to the founding of\nSanta Cruz Mission in 1791 (Harrie Downie, Richard Menn personal communications to Nikki Silva and Edna\nKimbro). Ground was broken October 23, 1931 and the cornerstone laid on February 14, 1932 (Historical\nphotographs, UCSC).\n\n14\n\n�The New High School and Parish Hall\nIn 1928 the new school which stands today was built on the site of the old boy's school and Montgomery Hall\n(cornerstone). The identity of the architect was not researched. The old square rectory on the corner of High\nand Potrero streets was torn down the following year (Sanborn maps, 1928 and 1929). The following year the\nHoly Cross Parish and Knights of Columbus Hall was built on land immediately east of the church acquired\nafter 1923, possibly from I. E. L. Hills. A complete chain of title has not been done on the convent lot as a part\nof the current research. (This building was later moved west ca. 1951-52 to the lot immediately east of the\nnew High School of 1928 to provide parking next to the church, according to the Sanborn maps). Aerial\nphotographs in the 1950s show a basketball court northeast of the school built at an unknown date after\n1950.\n\nThe Athletic Field, New Rectory and Fountain\nIn 1950 a new athletic field was leveled behind the High School, the rectory, and the church which\nnecessitated the removal of a significant portion of the rear of the hill, including a rock grotto dedicated to the\nBlessed Virgin, the handball alley and miscellaneous other structures as seen in Sanborn maps of the period. In\nthe process, the newspaper reported that a ladrillo tile floor was uncovered (Santa Cruz Sentinel, August 7,\n1950). It was not at all clear from the article or accompanying photograph just exactly where the floor was\nfound, but it did state that it was to be preserved. The following day the newspaper reported that an area 20\nfeet square was revealed and \"evidence of bases for pillars shows building wide enough to need middle\nsupports for its roof. \" Later on in the 1970s, a fountain was built west of the church in front of the new\nrectory designed by architects Macher, Estrada and Associates in 1964 (Santa Cruz Sentinel, October 21,\n1964). About that time, the newspaper reported that Mngr. MacLoughlin and Frank Evans, custodian,\nuncovered an area 7 by 10 feet in front of the rectory (Santa Cruz Sentinel, July 7, 1965). The tiles were said to\nbe 10 inches square as were those found in 1950. The fountain is supposed to be on top of a ladrillo tiled floor,\nif the plaque on the fountain has been interpreted correctly. The tile floor may represent either the ladrillo\ntiled corredor floor of the mission convento or the floor of an interior room of the convento.\n\nThe New Convent and the Old County Courthouse and Jail\nA new stucco convent was constructed in 1956 on land where the former Thies and Carroll residence stood\nuntil it was damaged by a runaway truck (Smith personal communication HCA; Otto, Santa Cruz Yesterdays,\nMcHugh Scrapbook:20 UCSC). A parking lot was constructed behind the convent and between it and the\nchurch to serve the needs of the parish. This lot was effectively combined with the one where the Parish Hall\nwas originally built. The latter lot had been granted to Thomas Fallon by the civil authorities on February 28,\n1848 and he built the Fallon Hotel and Saddlery in 1849 (Alcalde Book A:64 SCCR; Santa Cruz Sentinel, August\n13, 1884). February 8, 1852, the property was acquired by county for use as a county courthouse and a jail\nsubsequently built on the property in 1854 (SCCR Deeds 1:283;). Subsequently, the first wooden jail was\nreplaced by a stone jail in 1864, the site of which is clear on the Sanborn map of 1905 in the driveway of the\nparking lot between the present convent and the brick church. This jail was torn down in 1906. It may be\npossible to locate the foundations of this jail building visible in a number of historical photographs. The first\njail building of wood lined with steel was reportedly torn down in 1894 as it was an attractive nuisance\n15\n\n�(Weekly Surf, August 11, 1894). An earlier newspaper article reports that all of the old buildings on the county\nlot were either moved or torn down in 1884 and the Sanborn maps show nothing on the site after the\ndemolition of the stone jail (Santa Cruz Sentinel, August 23, 1884).\n\nSummary Conclusions and Recommendations\nIn seeking to develop a strategy for archaeological investigations of Holy Cross parish property on Mission Hill,\nit is important to consider the potential early American period remains as well as those of the mission era. It\nhas become evident from the aerial photographs available of the site that the entire rear portion of the\nmission quadrangle (approximately 40%) was graded away ca. 1950. However, much of the convento or south\nwing, and at least a portion of the monjerio in the west wing, the mission church, and cemetery may remain\nbeneath the surface. The mission church bell tower site may be able to be located with some certainty. Also,\nthe jail and the site of the mission cross in the cemetery may be able to be located and identified. It may be\npossible to confirm the location of the wall Fr. Real erected dividing the quadrangle in 1840 and something in\nthe way of subsurface foundation may remain of the cross erected in the cemetery in 1831. All of the above\nawait potential confirmation through archaeological testing.\n\nBibliography\nReferences Cited\nBache, A. D.\n1853 Map of Santa Cruz Harbor and Vicinity, California. U. S. Coast Survey. Map Room, University of\nCalifornia, Santa Cruz (UCSC).\n1854 Preliminary surveys of Harbors of Santa Cruz and Ano Nuevo, U. S. Coast Survey. Map Room,\nUCSC.\nBlack, G.\n1854 Mission Santa Cruz, survey from Land Case 425 ND:573. Santa Barbara Mission Archive (SBMA).\nBancroft, Hubert Howe\n1888 California Pastoral. The History Company, San Francisco.\nCoy, Owen C.\nn.d. California Historical Survey Commission archives, California State Library (CSL).\nDeGroote, Bro. Veronius Henry, FSC.\nn.d. Santa Cruz Parochial School. Copy of Ms., Holy Cross Parish Archives (HCA).\n1959 Education at Santa Cruz. Academy of California Church History Scrapbook, V.\n\n16\n\n�Elliott, Wallace C.\n1879 Santa Cruz County Illustrations. Elliott and Co., San Francisco.\nFernandez, Fr. Manual\n1798 January 27. Letter No.124, Chancery Archives, San Francisco (CASF).\nFigueroa, Jose\n1834 November 29, to Ignacio Del Valle. State Papers Miss. IX:70, Bancroft Library, Berkeley.\ntranslation by Robert Jackson/Starr Gurcke, Ms. on file, California Department of Parks and Recreation,\nSacramento.\nFinkelday, Stella\n1911 “The Once Prosperous Mission of Santa Cruz.” Grizzly Bear 9:2:12-13, June, July.\nGili, Fr. Bartholome, Hermenegildo Sal, et al.\n1794 May 10. Consecration of the Church of this Mission, Book of Baptisms 1, folio 26. Chancery\nArchives, Monterey Diocese. Translation by Starr Gurcke, Special Collections, UCSC.\nKimbro, Edna E., et. al.\n1985 Como La Sombra Huye La Hora. Ms. on file, California Department of Parks and Recreation,\nSacramento.\nLawrence and Houseworth\n1866 Gems of California Scenery, San Francisco. Library of Congress (LC), Washington D.C.\nMiller, Henry J.\n1856 Mission Santa Cruz (sketch). Original, Bancroft Library (BL).\nOtto, Earnest\n1939 Unidentified newspaper article, November 26, 1939, Special Collections, UCSC.\nPatten, Phyllis Bertorelli\n1974 Santa Cruz Mission: La Exaltacion de la Santa Cruz. Big Trees Press, Santa Cruz.\nPico, Andres, Jose Anzar and Juan Manso\n1845 September 2. Inventory of the property, real, movable and other, existing at Mission Santa Cruz\nMade by the Commission appointed by the most Excellent Sr. Governor. Summary transcript, C-C 27\nAndres Pico Collection, Bancroft Library, Berkeley. Translation by Robert Jackson/Starr Gurcke, Ms. on\nfile, California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento.\nReal, Jose Antonio Suarez and Ignacio Del Valle\n1834 Inventory of Mission Santa Cruz. Document and translation by Starr Gurcke, Santa Barbara\nMission Archives.\n17\n\n�1835 Inventory of Mission Santa Cruz, transcript. Bancroft Library (BL), University of California,\nBerkeley. Translation by Starr Gurcke, Special Collections, UCSC.\nSummary of Inventory and Appraisal of the Church and Library. CA 51 -St. Pap. Mis.:40, Bancroft\nLibrary.\nReal, Jose Antonio Suarez\n1840 March 17, to Juan B. Alvarado, Monterey. Chancery Archives, San Francisco Diocese (CASF).\nTranslation by Starr Gurcke, Special Collections, UCSC.\n1843 December 7, to Rev. Fr. Vice Commissary and Vice-Prefect Fr. Lorenzo Quijas, Santa Barbara\nMission Archive.\n1845 September 9, to Pio Pico, Monterey. Chancery Archives, San Francisco Diocese. Translation by\nStarr Gurcke, Special Collections, UCSC.\nRowland, Leon\nn.d. Research notes, scrapbook. Special Collections, UCSC.\n1941 Old Mission Santa Cruz. Privately printed, Santa Cruz.\nSanborn Map Co.\n1888- Fire Insurance Maps. Map Room, UCSC.\nSanta Cruz County Clerk (SCCC)\nWills\nSanta Cruz County Recorder (SCCR)\nDeeds\nAlcalde Books A, B, C\nMechanics Liens\nSmith, Frances Rand\n1916 Ms., Mision Exaltation de la Santa Cruz, March 4, 1916, Palo Alto and research in Owen C. Coy\nCollection, California State Library.\nTorchiana, H. A. van Coenen\n1933 Story of Mission Santa Cruz. Paul Elder and Company, San Francisco.\nUpton, E.\n1849 Upton Diary Ms. 78/48. Bancroft Library.\n\n18\n\n�Wallace, John\n1858 May and December, Plat of Mission Lands of Santa Cruz finally confirmed to Joseph S. Alemany, J.\nW. Mandeville, U. S. Surveyor General, California, surveyed May and December, 1858.\nVarious\nn.d. Informes, annual reports of Mission Santa Cruz. Documents and translations by Starr Gurcke, Santa\nBarbara Mission Archives.\nLibro de Cuentas, Ex-Mission Santa Cruz.\nWeber, Francis J., compiler and editor\n1984 Holy Cross Mission: A Documentary History of Santa Cruz. Libra Press Limited, Hong.\nWright, T. W.\n1851 January 25, survey for Thomas Fallon, recorded Deeds 1:283,284. Map Room, UCSC.\n1876 February, Map of Mission Orchard Lots. Maps SCCR 9:11.\n\nSource\n© Copyright Edna E. Kimbro, Reg. Prof., from Historian No. 543. Historical: Architectural: Conservation:\nResearch. Reproduced with the permission of Edna E. Kimbro and the City of Santa Cruz.\n\nIt is the library’s intent to provide accurate information, however, it is not possible for the library to completely\nverify the accuracy of all information. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are\nincorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library.\n\n19\n\n�"]]]]]]]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"8"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123576"},["text","Santa Cruz History Articles"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123577"},["text","Original articles by library staff and by local authors and material from historical books. "]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264219"},["text","Articles on Santa Cruz County history, many with illustrations, are available here.\r\n\r\nThe Santa Cruz Public Libraries is grateful to our local historians and their publishers for giving permission to include their articles. The content of the articles is the responsibility of the individual authors.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264220"},["text","It is the library's intent to provide accurate information. However, it is not possible to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a variety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in an article are incorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264216"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries\r\n"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"1"},["name","Document"],["description","A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893858"},["text","Paper"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893845"},["text","AR-183"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893846"},["text","Construction Chronology of the Site of Holy Cross Church, Santa Cruz, California"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893847"},["text","Mission Hill"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893848"},["text","Mission Santa Cruz"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893849"},["text","Historic Preservation"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893850"},["text","Holy Cross Church"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893851"},["text","Kimbro, Edna E."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893852"},["text","Prepared for the Historic Preservation Commission as part of Holy Cross Parish's application to build a new Parish Hall."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893853"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893854"},["text","Santa Cruz (City)"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893855"},["text","Text"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893856"},["text","En"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893857"},["text","ARTICLE"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893859"},["text","Copyright Edna E. Kimbro, Reg. Prof., from Historian No. 543. Historical: Architectural: Conservation: Research. Reproduced with the permission of Edna E. Kimbro and the City of Santa Cruz."]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"24"},["name","Buildings"]],["tag",{"tagId":"17"},["name","Religion"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"134482","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"21625"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/149757e36059ae238e2f3b8a4fe141f5.pdf"],["authentication","faead294522780abdde2400ab124dc34"],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"7"},["name","PDF Text"],["description"],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"94"},["name","Text"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1900398"},["text","\"A Well Looking, Affable People... \":\nThe Ohlone of Aulintak/Santa Cruz\nBy MaryEllen Ryan\n\nIntroduction\nFor thousands of years until a mere one hundred fifty years ago, Santa Cruz and its surrounding lands were the\nundisputed home of a people now popularly known as Ohlone. Their homelands reached from the tip of the\nSan Francisco peninsula, around the eastern shores of San Francisco Bay, along the coast and throughout the\nSanta Cruz Mountains, beyond Monterey to Point Sur, and throughout the Santa Clara Valley eastward to the\nMount Hamilton Range. Throughout these lands their imprint remains. Huge mounds of ancient village\nmidden now blend with the gently rolling, oak studded foothill landscape. Traces of fishing camps are found\nwhere salmon and steelhead were netted as they raced up countless streams in staggering numbers each\nwinter. Outcroppings of bedrock used for grinding the abundant harvest of acorns are now hidden beneath\ngrasses and brush where extensive groves of tanoak once grew. The people themselves lie in carefully planned\ncemeteries beneath today's urban landscape, placed there with reverence and ceremony over the millennia.\nThe life the people led was very different from that of their descendants today, and seems even more\nunfamiliar to the people whose lives and work now order changes upon the ancient landscape. The Ohlone\npeople, who once numbered 10,000 or more over their entire land and at least 600 in several villages in and\naround Santa Cruz, were nearly annihilated under the impact of the expanding European population of the\neighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Decimated by non-native diseases, parted from their extended families\nduring mission residence, often hunted for sport or vengeance, the survivors dispersed to the hinterlands of\ntheir country. Many quietly accepted invisibility under the shield of a borrowed culture, while the elders\nbecame the caretakers of the languages and traditional ways of their people.\nWhat is known of the Ohlone has been extracted from the historical records of their observers and from\ninformation shared by the Ohlone themselves. Hand-bound books of births, deaths, marriages and baptisms\nkept by the Spanish era missions provide village place names and kinship records. The diaries and sketches of\nbotanists, artists, explorers and tradesmen of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries provide\ndescriptions of native and mission activities. The field notes of nineteenth and twentieth century\nethnographers record remnants of languages and lifeways collected for study in the new American\n1\n\n�anthropological and ethnological institutions. Ohlone descendants today share knowledge inherited from their\ngrandmothers, providing insight to the harmonious interchange of natural, spiritual and human worlds.\nArchaeologists have prepared reports from surveys and excavations of prehistoric Ohlone sites and those of\nsurrounding culture areas. The studies analyze and compare artifactual material, and plot the distribution of\nrelated archaeological sites across the landscape. Their work seeks answers to questions concerning the\nmigratory origins of the people, the time depths of their village occupations, strategies the people used to\ncompensate for stresses of overpopulation, and their long term adaptation to climate changes that profoundly\naffected their social and economic organization. A history compiled from all these sources is summarized here,\nin order that the people of Santa Cruz today might obtain a clearer view of the ancient lifeways that left their\nmark in the form of archaeological deposits. These archaeological sites have become our inheritance from a\npeople whose voices have been for the most part stilled.\n\nBefore the Ohlone Came\nThe earliest Californians are believed to have entered through mountain passes some thirty thousand years\nago. As bands of hunters followed migratory game close to the end of the last ice age, they traversed a now\nsubmerged land bridge connecting the northernmost portion of the Asian and North American continents.\nTheir route carried them east and south through plains and mountain passages over a period of several\nthousand years. Their camps were placed in close proximity to the lakes and marshlands that formed\nimportant habitat for the large game they sought. These early hunters entered California through the Owens\nValley, reaching the southern California coast approximately 20,000 years ago. Coastal archaeological sites left\nby the earliest arrivals are believed to lie beyond the present shoreline, where they were inundated as the\ngreat continental ice sheets receded under the warming climate.\nArchaeological sites dating from eight to twelve thousand years before the present date (B.P.) have been\nfound with more frequency, positively dated by carbon-14 and other laboratory methods. The stone and bone\ntools and food remains contained in those deposits speak of a people whose survival depended on the ability\nto disband and follow migratory large game and waterfowl They processed local seed-bearing plants by\ngrinding the hard seeds with handstones against a flat stone metate. These ground stone implements and\ndistinctively shaped spear points and knife blades now identify their campsites. A recently excavated\narchaeological site in Scotts Valley produced material with a carbon-14 date of about 10,000 B.P., indicating\nthat these early hunter/gatherers preceded the better known Ohlone in the Santa Cruz area.\nInformation from other sources also support an early date for occupancy of the central coast. An Ohlone\nspokesman in the San Francisco Bay area has related an ancestral oral tradition describing the course of his\npeople's settlement of that area. The tribal history recalls a cataclysmic inundation of San Francisco Bay,\nseparating the Ohlone from their native home among the Miwok of the Sierra Nevada foothills, where they\nhad planned to return with traded coastal goods. Linguistic analysis of the Ohlone language as it was recorded\nin the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries confirmed the close relationship between the geographically\nseparated Ohlone and Miwok languages. The language of the neighboring Eselen people below Carmel was\nfound to be not only unrelated to Ohlone, but far more ancient. Geologists have extracted core samples from\nthe floor of San Francisco Bay, which have confirmed through analysis of layered deposits that the bay was\nonce a wide, lush valley watered by flowing streams prior to the formation of the bay about 9000 to 12,000\n2\n\n�years ago. These data all suggest the presence of an early hunter/gatherer culture in Santa Cruz County who\nwere eventually displaced to the outskirts of their territory. They were forced away by the imposed barriers of\ngeological changes combined with an influx of people from the central valley and Sierra foothills.\nArchaeological sites from the following culture period, dated from 8000 to 4000 B.P., are found with even\ngreater frequency throughout California. These sites were left by people who settled in to specialize in the\nprocessing and use of local plant and animal resources. Typically these sites are large, indicating a cohesive\nvillage structure and establishment of food gathering and trade resource territories where they occur along\nthe coast, within inland valleys, and in mountain passes.\nThe ancestors of the Ohlone apparently co-existed alongside the earlier hunters of this area as they adapted\nto the use of abundant marine resources along the stabilized shoreline. One continuous complex of sites has\nbeen recorded along a stream just outside the Santa Cruz city limits which appears to date from this period, as\ndo others in the Pajaro Valley. The locations and contents of the midden deposits indicate that the people\nmoved from one established camp to another on a seasonal basis, taking advantage of both inland and coastal\nproducts. They traded outside their territory for traditionally used materials this area lacked. Their preference\nfor campsite locations was repeated by later historic period settlers, who also selected the advantages of\nadequate water, warm southern exposures, and relatively flat terrain for their initial settlement ventures.\nBecause of this selection process, it is probable that many archaeological sites of such antiquity were\nobliterated in the process of nineteenth and twentieth century settlement of the city of Santa Cruz. Some of\nthe prehistoric middens remaining alongside no longer existing marshes and watercourses near downtown\nSanta Cruz might be expected to provide evidence of these early marine adapted people.\nThe period of settling in and adapting to coastal resources was followed by one of tremendous population\nincrease throughout the state from 4000 to 1500 B.P. The population increase was apparently related to the\nrapid diffusion of techniques for processing and storing acorns, which provided a high quality protein in an\neasily stored form for a staple food. With the adaptation to efficient use and storage of acorns, permanent\nvillages were established for wintering over in the areas close to desirable food and trade resources.\nThe large, more sedentary population required a more complex tribal social organization than was necessary\nfor the earlier mobile bands, in order to deal with the increasing complexities of food distribution, marriage\nalliances, trade and warfare. Some indication of the importance of particular individuals or lineages over other\nvillagers during this period is evidenced by the increase in decorative and useful grave goods accompanying\ncertain burials. The accumulation of goods for burial implies individual wealth and status, possible only with\nthe compliance of the larger group in the dedicated, time-consuming preparation of objects intended for\nburial with the deceased. The internal arrangements of some larger cemeteries from this period have also\nshown an emerging pattern of status differentiation. In these cemeteries, people of importance or power are\nburied with a profusion of exotic grave goods in the cemetery center, while those with fewer grave goods\nwere placed in concentric circles or groupings outward from center.\n\nPeople of the West\nBy 500 A.D., 1500 years before the present, the speakers of the eight Ohlone languages dominated\nthroughout the Ohlone territory, while speakers of the older Hokan languages had been displaced to the north\nand south. The Ohlone rise to dominance and changing social organization may be reflected in the remaining\n3\n\n�cemeteries that were partially destroyed in the process of construction of several Santa Cruz commercial and\nresidential projects in recent years. At least one of the larger Santa Cruz village sites, near the mouth of the\nSan Lorenzo River, is thought to have been established during this period of complicated political and\neconomic change.\nThe period from 500 A.D. to contact with European cultures in the eighteenth century is one for which there\nare many records and inferences. During this period, the people who greeted the Spanish land expeditions and\nwere given the Spanish name \"Costaños\" (Coast People) by them, became politically organized into the tribal\nunits recognized and recorded by missionaries and later ethnographers. Early in this period, the people living\nin and around Santa Cruz established themselves as a significant link in an intricate chain of exchange that\nextended to Sonoma County, Santa Barbara County, and the eastern Sierra Nevada. The trade network\ndistributed coastal shell to the Sierra Miwok and Mono people, where it was worked into beads used as\nmarkers of wealth and exchange value. Salt and dried abalone were valued by the inland Yokuts people,\nwhose territory had to be traversed and traders dealt with on journeys to the east. In return, obsidian for tools\nand ceremonial objects, pinon nuts and other exotic foods, and highly valued magnesite and cinnabar ore\nwere brought to the coast villages. The Chumash of Santa Barbara were contacted for steatite (soapstone),\nwhich was carved into bowls and ceremonial pieces. The Pomo of the interior coast ranges of Sonoma County\nprovided an alternative source for obsidian. The extent of this trade network, stretching as it did across\nlanguage boundaries and foreign territories, required a specialized trading language, a well developed clam\nshell disc bead economy, and above all critical marriage and kin alliances in strategically located villages along\nthe trade routes.\nThe coastal people and their villages were described with interest by the Europeans who came into contact\nwith them. \"A well looking, affable people,\" recalled a geographer on Vizcaino's 1602 visit to Monterey Bay\n\"and very ready to part with everything they have. They are also under some form of government...\" More\nthan a century and a half later, Pedro Fages described their good features, light skin, and long moustaches.\n\"They are very clever at going out to fish in rafts of reeds,\" he added. A Franciscan priest observed their \"...\ncomely elegance of figure, quite faultless countenance ... (their) hair kept arranged or in a closely woven small\nnet ... quick-witted, fond of trading, and tractable.\" They were sketched in skin capes and fiber skirts at their\ndaily work, sketched on the bay in their tule reed boats, sketched at play in games of skill and chance,\nsketched partaking in their \"peculiar habit\" of daily bathing, and sketched in ceremonial dress of deeply\ncontrasting body paint, feather headdressings, and abalone shell pendants. What changes their organized\ncommunity lives and personal habits underwent as Europeans came to dominate their home places, their\nabundant local foods, and their order of family, government and belief. When encountered after 1770 they\nwere sketched in woolen mission robes as they sat dispirited in small, quiet groups, appearing to their\nobservers as sullen, disagreeable, dark and filthy.\nThe native villages visited by early explorers were described as clusters of dome-shaped reed-covered houses\nwith an assortment of granary structures, work shelters, a large meeting house in the central tribal village, and\nthe always present temescal or sweathouse for daily bathing. The people were settled in large, organized\nvillages ranging from 50 to 500 in population, with a number of smaller, seasonally occupied special use sites\nin association with the permanent village. In Santa Cruz, the largest village housed about 200 people. Special\nuse sites in Santa Cruz included quarries and workshops where the local stone tool resource, Monterey\nbanded chert, was extracted and worked into a variety of knives, arrow points, skin and fiber scrapers, and\ndrills for manufacturing beads. In the forests, hunting blinds of piled rock were placed near game trails, often\n4\n\n�with pecked rock art nearby. Fishing camps were established along the streams, where nets and traps were\nconstructed and installed. Shellfish processing sites were established above the rocky shores where abalone,\nmussels, clams and various tidepool resources were gathered.\nAcorn processing was done within or near the groves of oak where well-located outcroppings of bedrock\nprovided a place for grinding mortars to be formed. The women also made use of portable hopper mortars,\nwhich were shallow ground-stone bowls upon which an open bottom basket was cemented. Landmark shrines\nwere visited for observing astronomical events and religious ceremonies. A multitude of other activities left\nfew material traces: specially dedicated meadows where rabbits were driven and captured in the spring by the\nentire village populace; hunting trails following ridges and canyons; particular tracts of land saved for the\ngathering of special basketry materials; personal shrines and landmarks from which individual powers were\nrenewed; and ceremonial caves and shelters whose uses were kept secret from prying anthropologists eager\nto interview the grown great-grandchildren of the 18th century Ohlone.\n\nThe Ohlone Landscape Today\nIt is difficult to observe the radically changed Santa Cruz landscape today and imagine the abundance of\nwater, wildlife and plant life that formed the Ohlone landscape. Neary Lagoon was surrounded by campsites\noccupied by groups of families while useful plants and migratory waterfowl were gathered. Once captured\nwith the hunter's trickery of cunningly made decoys and mimicked calls, the birds were used not only for food,\nbut were transformed into feather capes and blankets, ceremonial costumes, bone whistles and flutes, and\nbone basketry awls. The air would be dense with the rising and settling of waterfowl, while the now extinct\ntule elk gathered in great herds around the shoreline. Thick stands of tule reed penetrated the lagoon, so\nabundant and strong they were gathered and woven into mats for protective house coverings and cushioned\nbedding, or were tied into long bundles for the construction of fishing and transport boats that plied Monterey\nBay.\nA large village, probably the one called \"Aulintak\" in mission records and later ethnographies, commanded a\nview of the lagoon, the bay, the San Lorenzo River, and several other villages to the north, east, and west from\nits vantage point on Beach Hill. This village was fully occupied when Mission Santa Cruz was established\nnearby in 1791, one mile upstream on the San Lorenzo River. The type of shell bead found in the\narchaeological deposits of Aulintak may indicate that its antiquity reaches back 2000 years. The Westlake area,\nwith its abundant rushing streams and springs, was the site of an exceptionally large, activity zoned village,\npossibly the one called \"Chalumu\" in later records. The people of Aulintak and Chalumu spoke one of the eight\nOhlone languages called Awaswas, in which they communicated with their neighbors at Hotochtak, believed\nto be north of the present city, and at Sokel, Aptos, Sayant, Achistaca and Uypen. The names of today's\nvillages of Soquel, Aptos and Zayante communicate a far more ancient history than is evidenced by their\nlandmark wooden buildings dating to a century ago.\nThe Ohlone beyond Davenport spoke an entirely different language called Ramaytush. It was in Ramaytush\nterritory that the village of Olxon was located. The name \"Ohlone\" was taken from this place, which has now\ncome to be the preferred designation used to refer to all the groups that spoke the eight \"Costanoan\"\nlanguages. The central valley Yokuts and the Sierra Miwok apparently referred to all the coastal traders as\nOhlone, which has been translated from Miwok as \"people of the west\".\n5\n\n�Beyond the Awaswas speakers below Aptos, the Ohlone spoke another language called Mutsun. The Mutsun\nspeakers had their own name for the villages of Santa Cruz, calling them Hardeon. The Mutsun were living in a\ncentral village at Kalenta-ruk on the Pajaro River in 1769, when they were given an unexplained, enormous\nfright by the appearance of mounted Spanish soldiers of the Portola expedition. The people of Kalenta-ruk left\nan extremely large stuffed bird totem at the site of their village when they fled, so impressing the Spanish that\nthey gave their own name for \"bird\" to the river at Kalenta-ruk. Below the Mutsun, the Rumsen of Monterey\nspoke a dialect much more closely related to Awaswas than to their immediate Mutsun neighbors. This\npuzzling bit of information may hint of recently active displacement of the coastal people in the Pajaro\nValley/Elkhorn Slough area.\nThe people of Aulintak and Chalumu followed a seasonal rhythm as they collected the bounty of their land.\nThe spring brought tender shoots of edible plants, along with a proliferation of young animals and edible\ninsects. The summer brought harvests of grasses for basketry and fiber, bulbs, roots, seeds, fruits and berries\nfrom hundreds of edible and useful plants. Deer were hunted with sinew-backed bow and arrow in the tall\ngrass meadows, where the hunter brought the curious animals into breathtakingly close range by mimicry of\nthe deer's movements in deerskin decoys worn draped over the hunter's body. Autumn brought the acorn\nharvest, which occupied the intense concentration of all the villagers in the gathering, preparation of pits for\nleaching and baking, and for the ceremony that accompanied the yearly harvest. Wild geese and ducks were\ncaptured in the lagoons, fish were harpooned or netted in the rivers, lagoons and bay, and sea mammals were\ncaptured on and off shore. Shellfish were a staple as important as the acorn, and were regularly gathered.\nPreparations for winter included the burning of great expanses of meadow and forest, to encourage the new\nplant growth preferred by the Ohlone and the browsing animals they hunted. Winter rains brought the influx\nof salmon and steelhead, and movement from the hills to more favorably located winter villages. Throughout\nthe winter the women worked on their exquisite basketry, which is now world renown for its beauty and\nintricacy of design. Stores of acorns, dried fish and meat, seeds and nuts were tapped through the winter to\nsupplement the leaner diet. Within the communal houses, elders repeated tribal oral traditions, passing on\nthe accumulated wisdom of several thousand years of their world history. Ceremony, song, dance and fable\nconstantly reinforced the people's sense of their part in the rhythm of the universe, weaving them into the\nfabric of sun, moon, stars, earth, water, and the earth's other living creatures. That rhythm was irreparably\nbroken with the onset of European cultural dominance over their lands.\n\nWe Share an Inheritance\nToday the villages of Aulintak and Chalumu lie beneath the houses, streets, schools and businesses of Santa\nCruz. The descendants of the Ohlone care for their ancestral home in spirit, and more frequently now in anger\nwhen carefully interred remains are wrenched from their graves in the unrelenting face of modern\ndevelopment. Of the 230 Ohlone archaeological sites recorded in Santa Cruz County by mid-1980, fourteen\nwere found within the Santa Cruz city limits. These covered the range from large villages to small special use\nsites. Of the fourteen recorded sites, five have been destroyed beyond nearly all scientific value, either by\nnatural erosion or construction throughout the entire site without benefit of archaeological investigation.\nEight have been disturbed in part by construction of houses or roads, or are partially eroded away, but appear\nto contain intact portions either beneath surface disturbance or in areas adjacent to modern construction.\nPortions of the Delaveaga area contain sites where chert tools were repaired and re-worked, leaving large\n6\n\n�amounts of chipping waste in the midden soil. There also exist areas near UCSC that include small multiple use\ncampsites, areas of Seabright where shellfish were processed for food and ornaments, and areas of Westlake\nassociated with Chalumu where chert was worked from raw material into useful tools and projectile points. An\narea near Pogonip exists where tools were reworked, and where diarists of Portola's expedition described\ntemescals, the sweathouses used for ritual and daily bathing. Areas around Neary Lagoon still contain portions\nof much larger sites where any number of the marsh associated activities would have taken place.\nOnly one site has been recorded that remains free from modern disturbance, defined as a hunting camp from\nits surface debris, where game was apparently butchered and distributed among the hunting party. Other sites\nare likely to exist unrecorded, perhaps concealed under silty layers of alluvial wash, perhaps covered by\nparking lots or suburban vegetation, or hidden in brushy canyons now made impenetrable by dense chaparral\nthe Ohlone would have burned away each fall. This fragile, depleted archaeological wealth is our inheritance\nfrom the past. Preserved with care, and excavated with the integrity of explicitly scientific research, the sites\ncan be expected to provide answers to our remaining questions about the Ohlone and their predecessors.\nThese answers can arm us with knowledge for facing the future, when we can expect economic fluctuations,\npopulation stresses, and climatic changes to act upon those of us who now live in Santa Cruz. We are the new\n\"people of the west\", stewards of the past with the responsibility and power to preserve what remains for the\nfuture.\n\nRecommended Additional Readings\nA summarization such as the preceding cannot begin to describe in any detail the richness and variety of\nCalifornia Indian culture. The following are readily available sources for those wishing to further their\nunderstanding of the Ohlone and other California Indians. Asterisk (*) indicates exceptional sources. All were\navailable in 1980, when the Archaeological Resources Protection Amendment was presented to the public.\n\nBallena Press, Box 1366, Socorro, New Mexico 87801\nPublishers of scholarly writings on Calif., Southwest, and Great Basin ethnohistory. List available.\nBean, Lowell J. and Thomas Blackburn, authors\nNative Californians: A Theoretical Retrospective. Ramona: Ballena Press. 1971. Collection of papers on\nCalifornia Indian social organization.\nBean, Lowell John and Thomas F. King, authors*\nAntap: California Indian Political and Economic Organization. Ramona: Ballena Press. 1974.\nAnthropological descriptions of organizational systems employed by various tribal groups.\nCoyote Press*, P.O. Box 3377, Salinas, CA 93912\nPublishers of locally written manuscripts dealing with the archaeology and ethnohistory of the central\ncoast.\n\n7\n\n�Davis, J.T.\nTrade Routes and Economic Exchange among the Indians of California. Berkeley: U.C. Archaeological\nSurvey Reports. 1961. Details the incredible variety of exchange goods and extensive trade system of\nprehistoric California.\nDeetz, James\nInvitation to Archaeology. Garden City: The Natural History Press. 1967. Explanation of the reasons for,\nand results of, archaeological methods.\nFages, Pedro*\nExpedition of Pedro Fages to the San Francisco Bay, 1770. H. E. Bolton, ed. San Francisco: Academy of\nPacific Coast History. 1911. Translated diary of early land expedition.\nGamman, John K.\nThe Ohlone Indians-People of the West: Their use of natural resources. Unpublished Senior Thesis at\nSpecial Collections, UCSC McHenry Library. 1973. Study of seasonal food gathering by ecozones.\nGordon, Burton L.*\nMonterey Bay Area: Natural History and Cultural Imprints. Pacific Grove: Boxwood Press. 1974.\nEvolution of the Monterey Bay area landscape, detailing man's manipulation of natural resources.\nMore recent revised edition now available.\nHeizer, Robert F. *\nThe Costanoan Indians. Local History Studies, Vol. 18. Cupertino: California History Center, De Anza\nCollege. 1974. Thorough survey of Costanoan/Ohlone culture.\nHeizer, Robert F., editor\nThey Were Only Diggers. Newspaper accounts of persecution against the California Indians in the 19th\ncentury.\nHeizer, R.F. and M.A. Whipple *\nThe California Indians: A Source Book. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.\n1971. Collection of papers on the material culture and social organization of all California tribes.\nJackson, Robert\nAn Introduction to the Historical Demography of Santa Cruz Mission and the Villa de Branciforte, 17911846. Unpublished Senior Thesis, Special Collections, UCSC McHenry Library. Includes reconstruction of\npopulation patterns of local Ohlone and effects of missionization.\n\n8\n\n�Kessler, Christina *\nOhlone: Native Americans of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Areas. Unpublished Honors Senior\nThesis, Special Collections, UCSC McHenry Library. 1974. Carefully researched, well written paper\nexploring the lifeways of the Ohlone and European impact on their culture.\nKroeber, A.L.\nHandbook of the Indians of California. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. 1925. Classic California\nIndians handbook, republished in paperback by Dover, New York, 1976.\nKroeber, Theodora\nIshi in Two Worlds. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1961. Detailed account of lifeways as\nexplained to anthropologists by last surviving Yahi, 1911-1916.\nLevy, Richard\n‘The Costanoan’, pp. 485-495 in Handbook of the North American Indians, Vol. 8, California.\nWashington: Smithsonian Institution. 1978. Recent survey of Costanoan/Ohlone culture, synthesizing\nrecent work with emphasis on linguistic origins.\nLewis, Henry T.\nPatterns of Indian Burning in California: Ecology and Ethnohistory. Ramona: Ballena Press. 1973.\nReferences for burning as a method of agriculture.\nMargolin, Malcolm *\nThe Ohlone Way. Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area. Berkeley: Heyday Books. 1978. A\nsensitive, beautifully written description of the Ohlone way of life, with excellent bibliography.\nPalou, Fray\nFrancisco Historical Memoirs of New California. H.E. Bolton, ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.\n1926. Translated journals of travels in Alta California.\nSanta Cruz Archaeological Society *, 1305 East Cliff Drive, Santa Cruz 95062.\nPublishers of SCAN, Santa Cruz Archaeological Notes; present films, speakers, activities related to the\npreservation of archaeological sites in Santa Cruz County. Meetings third Thursday monthly, City\nNatural History Museum.\nSanta Cruz City Museum *, 1305 East Cliff Drive, Santa Cruz CA 95062.\nNatural History museum in Seabright, with excellent display on California Indians and good bookstore.\nSanta Maria, Fray Vicente *\nThe First Spanish Entry into San Francisco Bay. John Galvin, ed. San Francisco: J. Howell, Publisher.\nSensitive portrayal of Bay Area Ohlone before missionization.\n\n9\n\n�Smith, Charles R. *\n‘In Harmony with the Earth: Heritage Significance among the Ohlone’, in Archaeological Evaluation of\nCA-SCR-158 by J. Bergthold, G.S. Breschini, and T. Haversat. Salinas: Coyote Press, 1980. Examination of\nattitudes held by Ohlone and other Native Americans towards the desecration of their sacred sites by\ndevelopment and archaeologists.\n\nSources Consulted in the Preparation of this Manuscript\nPersonal Communications\nBaker, Suzanne\nArchaeological Consultants, San Francisco, CA. Personal communication regarding recent excavations at CASCR-12, the \"Beach Hill\" site. July 1980.\nCartier, Robert\nArchaeological Resource Management, San Jose, CA. Personal communication regarding recent excavations in\nScotts Valley. July 1980.\nMathes, Eric\nConsulting Artist, graphics and illustrations, Santa Cruz, CA. Personal communication regarding appearance of\nOhlone landscape. July, 1980.\nOrozco, Patrick\nOhlone Indian Cultural Association, Watsonville, CA. Personal notes and communications, 1975 - 1978;\naddress to the Santa Cruz Archaeological Society, 1975.\n\nUnpublished Papers and other collected manuscripts in public and private collections\nBall, Francine\n\"Mortuary Customs and Beliefs of the Costanoan Indians.\" Unpublished class paper, in possession of\nDepartment of Special Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1974.\nBreschini, Gary S. and Trudy Haversat\n\"Archaeological Overview of the Central Coast Counties, Draft for Comment,\" in possession of Regional Office\nof the California Archaeological Site Survey, Aptos CA. 1979.\nEdwards, Robert L. and MaryEllen [Ryan] Farley\n\"Assessment of the Cultural Resources of the Lower Pajaro River Basin, California, with selected field study.\"\nContracted manuscript in possession of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, San Francisco, CA. 1974.\nGamman, John K.\n\"The Ohlone Indians - People of the West: Their Use of Natural Resources.\" Student Paper no. ES 144 N, in\npossession of Department of Special Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1973.\n\n10\n\n�Kessler, Christina\n\"Ohlone: Native Americans of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area.\" Honors Thesis, in possession of\nDepartment of Special Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1974.\nKessler, Christina Mary\n\"People of the West.\" Student paper, in possession of Department of Special Collections, McHenry Library,\nUniversity of California Santa Cruz. 1974.\nKoster, George H.\n\"The San Lorenzo River, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow.\" Thesis, in possession of Department of Special\nCollections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1975.\nKrumbein, William J.\n\"Natural Bridges State Beach History.\" Undated typescript in possession of Department of Special Collections,\nMcHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz.\nMorris, Joseph and Allan Lonnberg\n\"Santa Cruz County Prehistoric Settlement Pattern Analysis: A Preliminary Report.\" Student paper in\npossession of Department of Special Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1975.\nRyan Farley, MaryEllen\n\"California Indians of the Central Coast.\" Typescript for slide illustrated lecture program, in possession of Santa\nCruz City Museum. 1973.\nSimmons, Terry\n\"The Status and Future of Archaeology in the Santa Cruz Region.\" Thesis, in possession of Department of\nSpecial Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1978.\nSpencer, Lois\n\"The Costanoan Indians: Bibliography.\" Typescript in possession of Department of Special Collections,\nMcHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1971.\nSwift, Carolyn\n\"A Sampler: Indians of Santa Cruz County.\" Student paper in possession of Library, Cabrillo College, Aptos CA.\n1971.\nVarious authors and dates\nFiles and confidential records of the Regional Office of the Californian Archaeological Site Survey, Aptos, CA.\nUsed in this manuscript:\nSanta Cruz County Archaeological Site Records, 3 volumes, including CA-SCR-12, -24, -25, -80, -87, -89, -93, -94,\n-106, -114, -116, -142, -187, -189.\nSanta Cruz County Archaeological Impact Evaluations: No. E-14, -21, -23, -32, -51, -64, -103, -159, -165, -174, 177, -178, -179, -200, -208, -211, -215, -218, -235, -243, -255, -275, -276, -298, -309, -313, -317, -331, -336, 342.\nWeiner, Ann Lucy\n\"Mechanisms and Trends in the Decline of Costanoan Population.\" Thesis, in possession of Department of\nSpecial Collections, McHenry Library, University of California Santa Cruz. 1979.\n11\n\n�Published Sources\nEdwards, Rob\n‘5400 Years on the Santa Cruz Coast’, article in Volume 3 Number 3, Santa Cruz Archaeological Notes.\nSanta Cruz: Santa Cruz Archaeological Society.\nGordon, Burton L.\nMonterey Bay Area: Natural History and Cultural Imprints. Pacific Grove: Boxwood Press. 1974.\nHeizer, Robert F.\nThe Costanoan Indians. Local History Studies, Vol. 18. Cupertino: California History Center. 1974.\nHeizer, R.F. and M.A. Whipple\nThe California Indians: A Source Book. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1971.\nKroeber, A.L.\nHandbook of the Indians of California. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 1925.\nLevy, Richard\n‘The Costanoan’, pp. 485-495 in Handbook of the North American Indians, Vol. 8, California.\nWashington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 1978.\nMargolin, Malcolm\nThe Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area. Berkeley: Heyday Books. 1978.\nMathes, W. Michael\nA Brief History of the Land of Calafia: The Californias 1533 - 1795. San Francisco: the author.\nNemeric, Jan\n‘Edible Plants of Santa Cruz used by Aborigines’, article in Loganberry: A Santa Cruz Magazine, second\nedition. Santa Cruz: UCSC Environmental Studies Department. 1973.\nSmith, Charles R.\nIn Harmony with the Earth: Heritage Significance among the Ohlone, in Archaeological Evaluation of\nCA-SCR-158 by J. Bergthold, G.S. Breschini, T. Haversat. Salinas: Coyote Press. 1980.\n\nSource\nPrepared as a narrative accompaniment to the Archaeological Resources Protection Amendment, Historic\nPreservation Plan of the City of Santa Cruz. For the City of Santa Cruz Planning Department under provision of\nP.O. No. 09894.\n\n12\n\n�MaryEllen Ryan\nHistorical Investigations\nJuly 28, 1980\n© Copyright MaryEllen Ryan. Reproduced with the permission of MaryEllen Ryan and the City of Santa Cruz.\n\nIt is the library’s intent to provide accurate information, however, it is not possible for the library to completely\nverify the accuracy of all information. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are\nincorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library.\n\n13\n\n�"]]]]]]]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"8"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123576"},["text","Santa Cruz History Articles"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123577"},["text","Original articles by library staff and by local authors and material from historical books. "]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264219"},["text","Articles on Santa Cruz County history, many with illustrations, are available here.\r\n\r\nThe Santa Cruz Public Libraries is grateful to our local historians and their publishers for giving permission to include their articles. The content of the articles is the responsibility of the individual authors.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264220"},["text","It is the library's intent to provide accurate information. However, it is not possible to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a variety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in an article are incorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264216"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries\r\n"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"1"},["name","Document"],["description","A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893795"},["text","Paper"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893781"},["text","AR-179"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893782"},["text","\"A Well Looking, Affable People…\": The Ohlone of Aulintak/Santa Cruz"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893783"},["text","Native Americans"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893784"},["text","Ohlone"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893785"},["text","Archaeology"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893786"},["text","Historic Preservation"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893787"},["text","Ryan, MaryEllen"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893788"},["text","Prepared as a narrative accompaniment to the Archaeological Resources Protection Amendment, Historic Preservation Plan of the City of Santa Cruz"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893789"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893790"},["text","7/28/1980"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893791"},["text","Santa Cruz (County)"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893792"},["text","Text"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893793"},["text","En"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893794"},["text","ARTICLE"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"47"},["name","Rights"],["description","Information about rights held in and over the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893796"},["text","Copyright MaryEllen Ryan. Reproduced with the permission of MaryEllen Ryan and the City of Santa Cruz."]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"22"},["name","Minority Groups"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"134458","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"21601"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/a498bc646ba98a188a8858037b15a58e.pdf"],["authentication","3fe7550b8960c94b21c6bbb2b288031f"],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"7"},["name","PDF Text"],["description"],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"94"},["name","Text"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1900374"},["text","National Register of Historic Places Inventory:\nNomination Form for the Mission Hill Area Historic District\nExcerpt: Section 8 - Significance\nForm prepared by Doni Tunheim, Vice President\nSanta Cruz Historical Society\nJune 15, 1975\n\nStatement of Significance\n1. Statement of General Significance\nMission Hill is the birthplace of Santa Cruz, the first permanent European settlement in Santa Cruz County.\nUntil the gold rush Mission Santa Cruz was the religious, commercial, industrial and agricultural center of the\ncounty. Its only rival, the secular community of Branciforte, was not viable, and became no more than a placename.\nWhen Thomas Larkin established a branch of his Monterey trading post in Santa Cruz he selected an adobe\nbuilding on the Mission quadrangle. When William Blackburn arrived in Santa Cruz he operated his hotel on\nthe Mission quadrangle. The reasons for their choice was clear - there was no other location in the county that\nwould have supported their business.\nPreeminent in the county during the Spanish and Mexican periods, the Mission neighborhood remained\nimportant during the American period.\nA list of important businesses and institutions that established themselves in the neighborhood in the three\ndecades after statehood would include the following. The Methodist Episcopal Church, the first protestant\nchurch in Santa Cruz (1850). The Mission Hill public school (1856). Thomas Fallon's hotel and saddlery building,\n1849 (purchased by the county in 1852, and used as school, courthouse and finally poor house). Temperance\nHall (1860), the early day community and social center of Santa Cruz. The Sisters of Charity Girl's Academy\n(1862). James Leslie's store (1860 and possibly earlier). Jackson Sylvar's saloon (1872). The jail building (1854\nand 1864).\n\n1\n\n�Holy Cross Church, the successor to the Mission continued to be important replacing the ruins of the adobe\nchapel with a wooden church in 1856, and replacing the wooden church with the present brick one in 18841887.\nThe development of Mission Hill can be summarized as a gradual transition from the center of activity at the\nstart of the Gold Rush to a predominantly residential district by the turn of the century.\nThis pattern of development is unusual as commerce usually tends to crowd out residential uses in a city\nneighborhood. This has been the fate of the neighborhood immediately west of Pacific Ave. in downtown\nSanta Cruz and replacement of buildings from earlier periods.\nPerhaps the greatest asset of the Mission Hill Area is its undisturbed character. Except for the construction of\na few structures, the area is relatively unchanged from the early 1900's. Few cities in California have a mission\ndistrict which is as unchanged. Architectural styles range from the Mission Era to the Colonial Revival. This\nvariety is even more unique when you consider the relatively small area in which they are located. Historically,\nthe area is also vital to the history of the City of Santa Cruz as well as California. As one of the California\nmission sites, the Mission Hill area has a wealth of history. Perhaps most indicative of this history, is the fact\nthat the Neary-Rodriguez Adobe has been continuously occupied from the Spanish Era to the present. Few\nbuildings in California can claim this distinction. The local importance of the Mission Hill area is best attributed\nto by the fact that all but nine lots of the proposed district, are in a Special Use (Historic) District. This district is\nintended to minimize change and insure what change occurs is compatible with the area's historic character.\nRecent residents of the area have increasingly recognized its importance and have carried out many sensitive\nrestorations. This new life has proved of great benefit to the entire community by showing the value of\npreserving the past in practical everyday terms. To quote Millys Peck, \"When the life of a community can be\nseasoned with tradition, an awareness of the contribution of its past citizens - the benefit extends far beyond\nthe momentary.\" A more specific outline of the area's significance is discussed in the following paragraphs.\n\n2. Archeology – Historic\nCertain properties in the proposed landmark district contain subterrain artifacts from the Indian settlements\nwhich once existed near the mission site. Other properties contain evidence of the original Mission ruins.\n\n3. Architectural Significance\nThe Mission Hill district contains several buildings of special architectural interest.\n1. The Calvin Davis house, 207 Mission Street. A light and delicate treatment of the Stick style as a surface\napplique to an Italian Villa form. It is the best preserved most important work of Charles Wellington\nDavis who was a major architect in Los Angeles and San Francisco, as well as Santa Cruz.\n2. The Henry Willey house, 105 Sylvar St. for the unusual treatment of the projecting dormer/bay in its\nattic, curving out above the porch, and carved with acanthus and anemones.\n3. The Reynolds house, 123 Green St. for the two-story bay window on its south facade, sharply and\nprecisely detailed, the best stick treatment in the city.\n2\n\n�4. The Louis Schwartz house, 222 Mission St. for its most effective use of bargeboards in connection with\na central gable, for a strong but simple design.\n5. 127 Green St., the Otis Longley house for its integration of Gothic and Classic elements.\n6. Holy Cross church for its painted ceiling, and spire, perfectly sited to serve as a landmark for the entire\ncity. The Mission centennial granite agate in front of the church is the most impressive display of the\nstone cutter's art in the city.\n7. The Francisco Alzina house, 107 Sylvar St. as a pioneer building type now rare in the state.\n8. The Amos-Rodriguez adobe as an uncommon building type, the only building to survive from Mission\nSanta Cruz and one of only two adobes in the city.\n\n4. Relationship to Santa Cruz\nThe Mission Hill district is representative of the early Santa Cruz cityscape, in that it was developed lot by lot,\nhouse by house, over a period of years.\nBefore the turn of the century, Santa Cruz developers laid out subdivisions that could accommodate many\nhomes, but almost never built any more than two or three houses in any one location.\nNineteenth century Santa Cruz developed by in-filling between widely-spaced houses or lot-splitting. There\nhas never been an entire neighborhood dating exclusively from any one decade or period in Santa Cruz. When\nthe range of styles in the period since 1850 is considered, it is not surprising that this infilling has resulted in a\nhighly variegated cityscape.\nIn addition, every decade since statehood has seen the demolition of, and replacement of buildings from\nearlier periods.\nThe Mission Hill district is no different from other Santa Cruz neighborhood in these respects. What is special\nabout Mission Hill is that the process of demolition and infilling was largely complete by the time the building\nboom of the mid-1880's was over. By that time, it was already being described as a desireable [sic] and\nattractive residential area in local newspaper accounts.\nThe particular importance of Mission Hill is its position as the largest geographically contiguous area made up\nof buildings of architectural and historical interest. These older buildings dominate the few newer intrusions in\nthe district.\nNo other neighborhood in Santa Cruz can claim such a good representation of buildings in each decade from\n1850 to 1900. No other neighborhood can claim such a variety of historic uses (church, courthouse, school,\nsaloon, store, residential). No other neighborhood can claim so many historic sites - first courthouse, first jail,\nfirst brick building, oldest frame house, oldest church building, oldest rectory building, mission building, etc.\n\n3\n\n�5. Agriculture – Commerce\nAs the center of Mission Era Santa Cruz, the proposed landmark was the focal point of the area's commerce.\nThe Mission had more than 4,000 head of cattle, extensive vegetable gardens and a grist mill. The mill was\npresented to the Mission by Captain George Vancouver who visited it on December 2, 1794, to buy fresh\nvegetables. The Mission also had more than 8,000 sheep, and 900 horses by 1828. Herds roamed and grazed\nfrom near Pajaro River up to New Year's Point, a distance about 42 miles.\nSanta Cruz County's first hotel was an old Mission adobe, two stories and an attic, with porches running\naround it. It stood on the southwest corner of School and Emmett Streets, facing the Plaza where Holy Cross\nElementary School is today. No record exists as to when it was built, and the first transaction regarding it dates\nfrom 1848 when Job Francis Dye sold it to Joseph L. Majors.\nWhen Santa Cruz County was created by the Legislature on February 18, 1[850], its first courthouse business\nwas conducted in the old Eagle Hotel.\nIn 1852, the new county paid Thomas Fallon $3,500 and moved into his combination home, store and hotel\nwhich stood just across School Street from the Eagle.\nBy 1860, it was obvious that \"town business\" was moving down on the flat, in the former Mission vegetable\ngarden. By way of incidence, Judge John H. Logan, whose house was in the Mission Hill area, in 1890,\ndiscovered something unusual in his garden: a cross between a native blackberry sprout (Auginbaugh) and the\nRed Antwerp Raspberry. He sent samples of the hybrid cross to a firm in Salem, Oregon, where it created great\ninterest. The new berry was named the Loganberry in honor of Judge Logan.\n\n6. Community Planning\nPerhaps the best concise statement of the Mission Hill Area's significance is contained in the City of Santa Cruz\nOpen Space and Conservation Element:\n\"The spire of Holy Cross Church serves as the visual focal point of Santa Cruz, as well as the center of the City's\nMission Area. The Mission Hill Area includes the Neary/Rodriguez Adobe, the last remaining building from the\nSanta Cruz Mission, and numerous Victorian homes. Portions of this area are now included in a Historical\nPreservation District and efforts are now under way to enlarge the area of the district to include the remaining\nbuilding of historical significance on Mission Hill.\"\nThe wealth of architectural variety is now being appreciated by an increasing number of Santa Cruz residents\nand visitors. Efforts are also now underway to restore the Neary-Rodriguez Adobe.\n\n7. Education\nThe Mission was the site of the first school in Santa Cruz County and today is still the site of two schools\noperated by the Monterey Bay Diocese.\n\n4\n\n�8. Landscape Architecture\nThe Plaza Municipal Park was originally the Mission quadrangle and has always served as public ground. In\n1884-87, the Plaza was landscaped by R. G. Ulrich and remains essentially unchanged today.\n\n9. Military\nThe Neary-Rodriguez Adobe, it is generally agreed, served as the Mission guard house, with the commander of\nthe guard and his family in one side and his subordinates housed in the other. This is the only guard house\nattached to the Missions of California that remains in California.\n\n10. Religion\nSince the original founding of the Santa Cruz Mission in 1791, the Mission Hill Area has served as a center for\nreligious activity in Santa Cruz. Today, the Holy Cross Roman Catholic Church stands on the site of the Mission\nChapel and serves as a focal point for the entire City.\n\nSource\nCopied as reproduced in Appendix C of Construction Chronology of the Site of Holy Cross Church by Edna E.\nKimbro, originally prepared for the Historic Preservation Commission as part of Holy Cross Parish's application\nto build a new Parish Hall.\n\nIt is the library’s intent to provide accurate information, however, it is not possible for the library to completely verify the\naccuracy of all information. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are incorrect and can provide\ndocumentation, please contact the library.\n\n5\n\n�"]]]]]]]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"14"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"262762"},["text","Santa Cruz Homes and Gardens"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"262765"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"267486"},["text","Historic homes and gardens in Santa Cruz County documented through photos and articles."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1910961"},["text","Included are \"Distinctive Plant Specimens of Santa Cruz Gardens.\" These are observations of plants taken on two tour dates, November 19, 1937 and January 21, 1938. They are written by Albert Wilson, Botanist, and a team of surveyors. These descriptions (and some photos) of plants can be searched either by the plant name or by the location address."]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"1"},["name","Document"],["description","A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893446"},["text","Paper"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893431"},["text","AR-092"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893432"},["text","National Register of Historic Places Inventory: Nomination Form for the Mission Hill Area Historic District"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893433"},["text","Historic Buildings"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893434"},["text","Historic Houses"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893435"},["text","Historic Preservation"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893436"},["text","Mission Hill"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893437"},["text","Tunheim, Doni"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1911870"},["text","Kimbro, Edna"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893438"},["text","Copied as reproduced in Appendix C of \"Construction Chronology of the Site of Holy Cross Church\" by Edna E. Kimbro, originally prepared for the Historic Preservation Commission as part of Holy Cross Parish's application to build a new Parish Hall."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893439"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893440"},["text","6/15/1975"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893441"},["text","Santa Cruz (City)"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893442"},["text","1970s"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893443"},["text","Text"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893444"},["text","En"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893445"},["text","ARTICLE"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"24"},["name","Buildings"]],["tag",{"tagId":"11"},["name","Homes"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"134447","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"21590"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/02edc22e0d6a8572591cdd16e5d5b5fc.pdf"],["authentication","c022aebb07fc352b44dde402385736b2"],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"7"},["name","PDF Text"],["description"],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"94"},["name","Text"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1900363"},["text","Old Riverview Avenue Historic District of Capitola\nMethods\nPrevious Studies\nIn 1986, the consulting company of Rowe & Associates conducted a thematic study of historic resources in the\nCity of Capitola. Subsequent studies and evaluations conducted within the city limits for the purposes of\nsatisfying national, state, and county regulations largely have been based on information provided in the 1986\nsurvey.\nIn 1986, the City sponsored a city-wide survey of 107 buildings and structures for the purposes of streamlining\ndevelopment planning, highlighting tangible links to the past, and facilitating the preparation of future\nhistorical resource reports, most importantly NRHP nominations. Rowe & Associates team members\nconducted a street-by-street canvas of the city's building stock and took notes and photographs of structures\n\"of architectural interest.\" The field survey listed structures more than 50 years old (as of 1986) that had\n\"retained their architectural integrity over time.\" After \"a broad, representative list emerged,\" the results\nwere plotted on maps and \"potential historic districts defined.\" \"Significant\" individual structures were also\nrecorded as buildings of local interest. (Rowe & Associates 1986.)\nThe results of the survey determined that there were \"about 240 structures that best represent traditional\narchitectural styles locally or the community's vernacular architecture\"; these structures were listed in the\nsurvey. The survey also identified \"several\" buildings of local interest that \"are eligible for inclusion on the\nCalifornia Historic Resources Inventory and eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places.\"\nAlong with the list of 12 individual buildings and structures \"considered to be of local interest,\" the report\nlisted three historic districts, including the \"Old Riverview Avenue area,\" \"Six Sisters-Lawn Way area,\" and the\n\"Venetian Court area.\" (Rowe & Associates 1986.) These districts were identified as eligible resources\nfollowing consultation with the State Office of Historic Preservation. The districts were considered areas with a\ncommon historical \"theme\" and architecture that \"convey[s] a sense of the past and [is] significant in the\ncommunity's development.\" The three districts were listed within the National Register between April 1987\nand January 1988 (National Park Service 2001).\n\n1\n\n�The body of the Rowe & Associates survey report consisted of a list of addresses and locations for all surveyed\nbuildings and structures, photographs (taken in 1986) of each, along with approximate dates of construction\nand brief descriptions (including styles, materials, and ownership information when it was available). ...\nConcurrent with the completion of the 1986 Rowe & Associates survey, Charles Rowe and Roger Hathaway\nprepared an NRHP Inventory-Nomination Form for the Old Riverview Avenue Historic District. The district\ndescribed in the nomination form consisted of 57 properties, 46 (81%) of which were contributing (i.e., they\ncontributed to the historic character of the district). The district's buildings included modest one and twofamily, wood-frame homes of summer cottages constructed between approximately 1935 and 1930.\nArchitectural styles notes were an informal mix of \"Bungalow, Craftsman, and vernacular styles; several\nbuildings also show influences of the Spanish Colonial Style.\" Integrity was noted as high, with modifications\nwitnessed primarily with regards to doors and windows. The noncontributing infill was described as\n\"compatible with the 'beach-cottage' style of architecture which predominates.\" (National Park Service 1986.)\nThe Old Riverview Avenue district's boundaries were described as bounded on the west by Soquel Creek, on\nthe east by Riverview Drive, on the south by Stockton Avenue, and on the north by a point just north of the\nintersection of Riverview Drive and Oak Drive. This point was characterized as the place where \"the district's\nearly twentieth-century colony [is distinguished from] altered and modern dwellings.\" The railroad trestle and\nthe narrow creek-side walkway are also noted feature of the district. (National Park Service 1986.) Addresses\nincluded in the district extend the western boundary to a point west of the west bank of Soquel Creek (to\ninclude 1720 and 1720A Wharf Road); the district also incorporates nine buildings between Bluegum Avenue\nand Capitola Avenue.\n\nAffected Environment\nHistoric Setting\nThe incorporated City of Capitola is located along the Pacific coast of Santa Cruz County. One of the original 27\nCalifornia counties established in 1850, the boundaries of Santa Cruz County (initially named Branciforte\nCounty, but changed that year) were altered only once in 1868 when the northern limit was moved south (Coy\n1973). Capitola is located midway up the coast of the county, approximately 5 miles from Santa Cruz. Soquel\nCreek creates a dividing line between two portions of Capitola, with residences to the north of the creek and a\nmixture of business, entertainment, and residences along the south side of the creek.\n\nEarly Exploration: 1769-1797\nIn July 1769, the Spanish explorer Gaspar de Portola, accompanied by Father Juan Crespi, left San Diego to find\nand settle Monterey Bay. After being forced inland by the Santa Lucia Mountains, the expedition followed the\nSalinas River to Monterey Bay. However, confusion in the description of a previous expedition misled the\nexplorers to believe they had not reached their destination, and they proceeded north along the coast. This\nroute sent the team through areas now known as Watsonville, Capitola, and Santa Cruz. The path they took\nfrom San Diego became part of El Camino Real, and the Franciscan missionaries subsequently established\nMission Santa Cruz in 1791 and nearby Villa de Branciforte (a pueblo or town) in 1797 (Beck and Haase 1974).\n2\n\n�Rancho Soquel: 1833-1860\nBy 1833, Mexico had assumed control of the area. The early steps of secularization, as authorized by Mexican\nGovernor Jose Figueroa, freed all mission landholdings, as well as several large tracts of land, and authorized\nland ownership by private persons (Rawls and Bean 1993). Granting of the large \"ranchos,\" some of which\ncontained over 32,000 acres in (modern) Santa Cruz County, was intended to encourage settlement of the\narea by Mexican citizens, who primarily raised cattle (Rawls and Bean 1993, State Lands Commissions 1982).\nMartina Castro (daughter of Mexican governor of California [1835-1836] Jose Castro) obtained a grant to\nRancho Shoquel (more commonly known as \"Soquel\" and referred to hereafter as such) from Governor\nFigueroa in November 1833. After the United States annexation of California in 1848, and as stipulated under\nthe Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Castro applied for a patent to her land in April 1852. Eight years later, after a\nformal survey of the land was conducted and confirmed by the Land Commission in 1854, Castro was issued a\nformal patent to the 1,668.03-acre Rancho Soquel. This rancho was roughly bounded by Soquel Creek to the\nwest, Borregas Creek to the east, and a northern boundary line approximately 1 mile north of the beach. Also\nin 1854, Castro acquired a patent to the much larger 32,702.41-acre \"Shoquel Augmentation\" rancho located\ndirectly north of Rancho Soquel (Hart 1978, Hoffman 1862, Perez 1996, U.S. Geological Survey 1954, R 1994).\nDuring Mexican tenure, the (modern) Capitola beach area was referred to as La Playa de Soquel and remained\nvirtually undeveloped during the ranch period (1834-1846). Following the Gold Rush of 1848, large tracts of\nformer ranchos were divided into smaller parcels that eventually provided land for newcomers to the state.\nDuring this period, Soquel Landing developed into a more formal schooner landing that serviced ships\ndelivering San Francisco goods to local markets (Kyle 1990).\n\nEarly Development of Capitola: 1869-1913\nCapitola's early development is directly associated with Frederick A. Hihn, an entrepreneur and gold-seeker\nborn in Germany. Having amassed a small fortune in gold, Hihn settled in the Soquel region by 1869 and\nestablished Camp Capitola on the La Playa de Soquel property 7 years later. Hihn had quickly realized the\npossible demand for a beach tourist stop along the Santa Cruz Railroad Company route established through\nthe area in 18874 (Gudde 1969, Robertson 1998); Camp Capitola was Hihn's response to the anticipated\ndemand. Hihn's name for the new camp was an apparent play on the term \"capitol.\" Hihn likely saw an\nopportunity to suggest locating the state capitol at Camp Capitola. By 1876, the Santa Cruz Railroad Company\nline extended to Pajaro, and the Camp Capitola resort grew and quickly became a leading summer vacation\nspot for numerous central California residents (Robertson 1998, Rowe & Associates 1986).\nIn the years between 1876 and his death in 1913, Hihn continued to acquire holdings and guide the\ndevelopment of Capitola. Acting as a land speculator, Hihn bought and sold lots and oversaw the construction\nof numerous hotels and other recreation facilities (Lydon & Swift 1978). Like many seaside resorts of the time,\nCapitola quickly gained a reputation as a prime tourist and recreation destination. However, unlike many\nsouthern California beach communities, such as Pismo Beach, with more temperate climates, Capitola\ntransformed from the popular \"Tent City\" format to more a [sic] permanent resort early on (JRP Historical\nConsulting Services 1999, Lydon & Swift 1978, Sanborn 1892). At the turn of the 20th century, the two-lane\nroad between the Santa Clara County town of Los Gatos and the coastal town of Soquel was the primary route\ntaken over the Santa Cruz Mountains by affluent Bay Area residents to cities such as Santa Cruz. The road thus\n3\n\n�earned the name \"Old Santa Cruz Highway,\" which is still used today. Capitola's proximity to Soquel (in\naddition to its easy access via railroad) made Capitola a prime stop for tourists at that time (Beal 1991).\n\nDevelopment of Capitola under Henry Rispin: 1914-1930s\nAfter Hihn's death from pneumonia, his daughter Katherine Cope Henderson sold the Camp Capitola lands in\n1919 to Henry Allen Rispin, a Canadian oil millionaire who had relocated to San Francisco. Rispin planned to\ntransform Capitola into the \"Riviera of the New World\" and promptly renamed the resort town \"Capitola-bythe-Sea.\" By 1920, Rispin owned the entire waterfront; Hotel Capitola; cottage and bathhouse buildings;\nresort concessions; and 30 acres along Soquel Creek, where he built his personal 8-acre estate (Rowe &\nAssociates 1986).\nRispin made many public improvements to the town and began to subdivide and sell residential and\ncommercial lots marketed mostly to people of well-heeled communities such as San Francisco. Under various\ncompany names located in larger Bay Area communities, Rispin distributed literature espousing the virtues of\ncoastal living in an attempt to gain clients (Capitola Properties 1922). His subdivisions under the parent\ncompany, named Bay Head Land Company, led to the development of many new cottages, a deeper\ncommunity interest in Capitola activities and business, and the foundation for the eventual incorporation of\nthe city. Driven by the economic prosperity of the coast region and booming cities such as San Francisco and\nSan Jose in the 1920s, Capitola-by-the-Sea became a thriving resort community, like many of the coastal\nresorts of the time, attracting thousands of summer visitors.\nThe timing of Capitola's development during the early 1920s worked to Rispin's advantage. Tourism to the\narea, and thus access to distant wealthy clients, was facilitated by a number of factors, including the oil boom\nof the Los Angeles area, the subsequent rise in the use of the automobile in California, and improvements of\nhighways by the federal government. The latter phenomenon occurred nationwide and opened up a\nsignificant number of coastal (both Atlantic and Pacific) towns to tourism (Rawls & Bean 1993).\nDuring the early 1920s, the Bay Head Land Company sold numerous lots in subdivisions along the beach and\nSoquel Creek. Economic troubles forced the Bay Head Land Company to cease operations in the area by 1924,\nand the company conveyed all interest to its landholding in order to focus on its San Jose branch. After the Bay\nHead Land Company had left the region, others, such as the Blanchard Company owned by San Francisco\nresident C. E. Blanchard, took up the majority of new subdivisions in northern Capitola (Hoag 1928; Lydon &\nSwift 1978). However, because of the seasonal nature of the tourist trade and competition with nearby Santa\nCruz, Capitola remained a small town. By 1927, the year-round population was reported to be only 500 (Lydon\n& Swift 1978; Rowe & Associates 1986).\nIn December 1929, Hotel Capitola burned to the ground, symbolically ending the success of the 1920s and\nintroducing the disastrous depression of the 1930s. Rispin, like many financiers nationwide, went bankrupt\nwhen the stock market crashed, and many of his holdings were auctioned off in an attempt to pay creditors.\nWith an economy based largely upon the tourist market, Capitola languished through the Great Depression\nand the war years and experienced little development (Rowe & Associates 1986). The 1890s improvement of\nCapitola (from a simple tent resort to a slightly upper-class permanent resort) later may have become an\nobstacle to attracting large numbers of tourists; during the depression, railroad tourism declined substantially,\n4\n\n�and lower- to middle-class \"automobile\" vacationers returned to the more economical tent camps (Belasco\n1979).\n\nModern Development: 1949-Present\nThe residents of Capitola succeeded in their campaign to incorporate in 1949; the new city supported a\npopulation of less than 2,000 at that time. Despite the major expansion and growth witnessed throughout the\nstate after the conclusion of World War II, Capitola's growth and development remained slow. Although three\nroutes over the summit of the Santa Cruz Mountains (the Los Gatos-Soquel route, a road along Bear Creek,\nand the \"Glenwood\" route) existed before the 1940 completion of modern Highway 17, all were considered\nwinding and arduous by travelers reliant on automobiles. Whereas the Los Gatos-Soquel route was heavily\ntraveled up to the early 20th century, the construction of Highway 17 in 1940 brought the largest number of\nautomobiles to the south side of the mountains (Beal 1991). The construction of this conduit to San Jose, and\nthe subsequent improvement to Route 1 between Santa Cruz and Watsonville, served to concentrate\ndevelopment in these two areas, and left the towns in between, such as Capitola, to languish (Beal 1991).\nIn the 1970s, Capitola began to urbanize once again through accelerated residential growth and the\nannexation of surrounding lands. One example of annexation included the 41st Avenue area west of Soquel\nCreek. This region was historically part of the James Brown dairy ranch. The annexed area became the\ncounty's regional shopping center and modern business district (Lydon & Swift 1978).\nDespite development beyond the original Camp Capitola tract, the village area and beach continue to thrive\nand attract tourists as they did when Hihn and Rispin controlled the beach-front land and recreational\nactivities. Today, Capitola remains a popular tourist stop, as well as bedroom community, for many of the\nsurrounding urban areas. In addition, over the last 30 years, Capitola has continued to experience a\nconsiderable amount of growth, particularly in its outlying area beyond the limits of the original town.\n\nSource\nExcerpted from: Draft Environmental Impact Report: 505, 505 1/2, and 505A Riverview Drive, City of Capitola,\nAugust 2001; Appendix A. Historical Resource Design Review for 505, 505 1/2 and 505A Riverview Drive,\nprepared June 2001, Jones and Stokes, pp. 1-9.\n\nIt is the library’s intent to provide accurate information, however, it is not possible for the library to completely\nverify the accuracy of all information. If you believe that factual statements in a local history article are\nincorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library.\n\n5\n\n�"]]]]]]]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"8"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123576"},["text","Santa Cruz History Articles"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"123577"},["text","Original articles by library staff and by local authors and material from historical books. "]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264219"},["text","Articles on Santa Cruz County history, many with illustrations, are available here.\r\n\r\nThe Santa Cruz Public Libraries is grateful to our local historians and their publishers for giving permission to include their articles. The content of the articles is the responsibility of the individual authors.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264220"},["text","It is the library's intent to provide accurate information. However, it is not possible to completely verify the accuracy of individual articles obtained from a variety of sources. If you believe that factual statements in an article are incorrect and can provide documentation, please contact the library."]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"264216"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries\r\n"]]]]]]]],["itemType",{"itemTypeId":"1"},["name","Document"],["description","A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"7"},["name","Original Format"],["description","If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893298"},["text","Paper"]]]]]],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"43"},["name","Identifier"],["description","An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893285"},["text","AR-023"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893286"},["text","Old Riverview Avenue Historic District of Capitola"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"49"},["name","Subject"],["description","The topic of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893287"},["text","Historic Buildings"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893288"},["text","Historic Houses"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893289"},["text","Historic Preservation"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1933359"},["text","Camp Capitola"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1933363"},["text","Van Syckle, Henry"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"39"},["name","Creator"],["description","An entity primarily responsible for making the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893290"},["text","City of Capitola"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"48"},["name","Source"],["description","A related resource from which the described resource is derived"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893291"},["text","Draft Environmental Impact Report: 505, 505 1/2, and 505A Riverview Drive, City of Capitola, August 2001"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"45"},["name","Publisher"],["description","An entity responsible for making the resource available"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893292"},["text","Santa Cruz Public Libraries"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"40"},["name","Date"],["description","A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893293"},["text","2001-08"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"38"},["name","Coverage"],["description","The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893294"},["text","Capitola"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"42"},["name","Format"],["description","The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893295"},["text","Text"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"44"},["name","Language"],["description","A language of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893296"},["text","En"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"51"},["name","Type"],["description","The nature or genre of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1893297"},["text","ARTICLE"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"46"},["name","Relation"],["description","A related resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1933360"},["text","Pacific Coast Architecture Database"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1933361"},["text","Pacific Coast Architecture Database"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1933364"},["text","Pacific Coast Architecture Database"]]]]]]],["tagContainer",["tag",{"tagId":"24"},["name","Buildings"]],["tag",{"tagId":"11"},["name","Homes"]]]],["item",{"itemId":"130077","public":"1","featured":"1"},["fileContainer",["file",{"fileId":"29586"},["src","https://history.santacruzpl.org/omeka/files/original/0323dc3210c39cf98485653e18925dd4.PDF"],["authentication","ceb08260f5eac74b3361235460d49524"],["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"7"},["name","PDF Text"],["description"],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"94"},["name","Text"],["description"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1916915"},["text","�"]]]]]]]]],["collection",{"collectionId":"3"},["elementSetContainer",["elementSet",{"elementSetId":"1"},["name","Dublin Core"],["description","The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/."],["elementContainer",["element",{"elementId":"50"},["name","Title"],["description","A name given to the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"109713"},["text","Local News Index"]]]],["element",{"elementId":"41"},["name","Description"],["description","An account of the resource"],["elementTextContainer",["elementText",{"elementTextId":"109714"},["text","An index to newspaper and periodical articles from a variety of Santa Cruz publications.\r\n"]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840006"},["text","It is a collection of over 87,000 articles, primarily from the Santa Cruz Sentinel, that have been clipped and filed in subject folders. While these articles of local interest range in date from the early 1900's to the present, most of the collection and clipped articles are after roughly 1960. There is an ongoing project to scan the complete articles and include them in this collection.
Also included are more than 350 full-text local newspaper articles on films and movie-making and on the Japanese-American internment.
In addition, this is an online index for births, deaths, and personal names from The Mountain Echo. The complete print index is available at the library. For more information see The Mountain Echo."]],["elementText",{"elementTextId":"1840007"},["text","Most of the indexed articles are available on microfilm in the Californiana Room or in the clipping files in the Local History Room at the Downtown branch. Copies of individual articles may be available by contacting the Reference Department - Ask Us.
\n